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This paper presents a framework to tackle combinatorial optimization problems using neural networks and reinforcement learning. We focus on the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and train a recurrent network that, given a set of city…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-01-16 Irwan Bello , Hieu Pham , Quoc V. Le , Mohammad Norouzi , Samy Bengio

In this paper we consider the Recoverable Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). Here the task is to find two tours simultaneously, such that the intersection between the tours is at least a given minimum size, while the sum of travel distances…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Marc Goerigk , Stefan Lendl , Lasse Wulf

Although many well-known algorithms can solve each bipartite matching problem instance efficiently, it remains an open question how one could estimate the expected optimal matching distance for arbitrary numbers of randomly distributed…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-24 Shiyu Shen , Yuhui Zhai , Yanfeng Ouyang

The multi-path Traveling Salesman Problem with stochastic travel costs arises in hybrid vehicle routing applications designed for Smart City and City Logistics, where multiple paths exist between each pair of locations. Travel times along…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-15 Xiaochen Chou , Ludovica Di Marco , Enza Messina

Many recent approximation algorithms for different variants of the traveling salesman problem (asymmetric TSP, graph TSP, s-t-path TSP) exploit the well-known fact that a solution of the natural linear programming relaxation can be written…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-01-06 Jens Vygen

We investigate the random bipartite optimal matching problem on a flat torus in two-dimensions, considering general strictly convex power costs of the distance. We extend the successful ansatz first introduced by Caracciolo et al. for the…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2024-05-16 Luigi Ambrosio , Federico Vitillaro , Dario Trevisan

We prove concentration bounds for random Euclidean combinatorial optimization problems with $p$--costs. For bipartite matching and for the (mono- and bi-partite) traveling salesperson problem in dimension $d\ge 3$, we obtain concentration…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-05 Matteo D'Achille , Francesco Mattesini , Dario Trevisan

The generalized traveling salesman problem (GTSP) is an extension of the well-known traveling salesman problem. In GTSP, we are given a partition of cities into groups and we are required to find a minimum length tour that includes exactly…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2010-03-30 Gregory Gutin , Daniel Karapetyan

The Traveling Salesman Problem is one of the most intensively studied combinatorial optimization problems due both to its range of real-world applications and its computational complexity. When combined with the Set Covering Problem, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Yuwen Yang , Jayant Rajgopal

Meta-heuristics are frequently used to tackle NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. With this paper we contribute to the understanding of the success of 2-opt based local search algorithms for solving the traveling salesman problem…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-08-14 Olaf Mersmann , Bernd Bischl , Heike Trautmann , Markus Wagner , Frank Neumann

The standard LP relaxation of the asymmetric traveling salesman problem has been conjectured to have a constant integrality gap in the metric case. We prove this conjecture when restricted to shortest path metrics of node-weighted digraphs.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-08-14 Ola Svensson

Traveling salesman problem is a NP-hard problem. Until now, researchers have not found a polynomial time algorithm for traveling salesman problem. Among the existing algorithms, dynamic programming algorithm can solve the problem in time…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-10-16 Yunpeng Li

We propose a learning algorithm for solving the traveling salesman problem based on a simple strategy of trial and adaptation: i) A tour is selected by choosing cities probabilistically according to the ``synaptic'' strengths between…

adap-org · Physics 2009-10-28 Kan Chen

We show that certain ways of solving some combinatorial optimization problems can be understood as using query planes to divide the space of problem instances into polyhedra that could fit into those that characterize the problem's various…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Jian Yang

The bipartite matching problem is widely applied in the field of transportation; e.g., to find optimal matches between supply and demand over time and space. Recent efforts have been made on developing analytical formulas to estimate the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-11 Yuhui Zhai , Shiyu Shen , Yanfeng Ouyang

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the classic and hard problems in combinatorial optimization. We develop a new heuristic that uses a connection between Minimum Cost Flow Problems and the TSP to improve on a given suboptimal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-30 Steffen Borgwardt , Zachary Sorenson

We analyze the random Euclidean bipartite matching problem on the hypertorus in $d$ dimensions with quadratic cost and we derive the two--point correlation function for the optimal matching, using a proper ansatz introduced by Caracciolo et…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2015-06-23 Sergio Caracciolo , Gabriele Sicuro

In the maximum traveling salesman problem (Max TSP) we are given a complete undirected graph with nonnegative weights on the edges and we wish to compute a traveling salesman tour of maximum weight. We present a fast combinatorial $\frac…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-03-22 Szymon Dudycz , Jan Marcinkowski , Katarzyna Paluch , Bartosz Rybicki

The 2-Opt heuristic is a simple improvement heuristic for the Traveling Salesman Problem. It starts with an arbitrary tour and then repeatedly replaces two edges of the tour by two other edges, as long as this yields a shorter tour. We will…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Ulrich A. Brodowsky , Stefan Hougardy

In the traveling salesman problem, one must find the length of the shortest closed tour visiting given ``cities''. We study the stochastic version of the problem, taking the locations of cities and the distances separating them to be random…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 A. G. Percus