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High-frequency trading is prevalent, where automated decisions must be made quickly to take advantage of price imbalances and patterns in price action that forecast near-future movements. While many algorithms have been explored and tested,…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-11-07 Koti S. Jaddu , Paul A. Bilokon

Discrete time stochastic optimal control problems and Markov decision processes (MDPs) are fundamental models for sequential decision-making under uncertainty and as such provide the mathematical framework underlying reinforcement learning…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-01 Arnulf Jentzen , Konrad Kleinberg , Thomas Kruse

In this work, the trick-taking game Wizard with a separate bidding and playing phase is modeled by two interleaved partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDP). Deep Q-Networks (DQN) are used to empower self-improving agents,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Jonas Schumacher , Marco Pleines

This project addresses the challenge of automated stock trading, where traditional methods and direct reinforcement learning (RL) struggle with market noise, complexity, and generalization. Our proposed solution is an integrated deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-08 John Christopher Tidwell , John Storm Tidwell

In stock trading, feature extraction and trading strategy design are the two important tasks to achieve long-term benefits using machine learning techniques. Several methods have been proposed to design trading strategy by acquiring trading…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-07-01 Supriya Bajpai

We adopt Deep Reinforcement Learning algorithms to design trading strategies for continuous futures contracts. Both discrete and continuous action spaces are considered and volatility scaling is incorporated to create reward functions which…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2019-11-25 Zihao Zhang , Stefan Zohren , Stephen Roberts

Reinforcement Learning (RL) plays a crucial role in aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences and improving their ability to perform complex tasks. However, current approaches either require significant computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Kaixuan Ji , Guanlin Liu , Ning Dai , Qingping Yang , Renjie Zheng , Zheng Wu , Chen Dun , Quanquan Gu , Lin Yan

This paper tackles the challenge of learning non-Markovian optimal execution strategies in dynamic financial markets. We introduce a novel actor-critic algorithm based on Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) to address this issue, with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Alessandro Micheli , Mélodie Monod

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for solving decision-making problems in dynamic environments. In this research, we explore the application of Double DQN (DDQN) and Dueling Network Architectures, to financial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Bruno Giorgio

Deep Q-learning is investigated as an end-to-end solution to estimate the optimal strategies for acting on time series input. Experiments are conducted on two idealized trading games. 1) Univariate: the only input is a wave-like price time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-13 Xiang Gao

Advanced algorithms based on Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) have been able to become a reliable tool for the Forex market traders and provide a suitable strategy for maximizing profit and reducing trading risk. These tools try to find…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Sahar Arabha , Davoud Sarani , Parviz Rashidi-Khazaee

Deep Q-learning Network (DQN) is a successful way which combines reinforcement learning with deep neural networks and leads to a widespread application of reinforcement learning. One challenging problem when applying DQN or other…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Zhe Zhang , Yukun Zou , Junjie Lai , Qing Xu

There has been a recent surge in interest in the application of artificial intelligence to automated trading. Reinforcement learning has been applied to single- and multi-instrument use cases, such as market making or portfolio management.…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2020-04-16 Jonathan Sadighian

The emerging cryptocurrency market has lately received great attention for asset allocation due to its decentralization uniqueness. However, its volatility and brand new trading mode have made it challenging to devising an acceptable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Fengrui Liu , Yang Li , Baitong Li , Jiaxin Li , Huiyang Xie

We analyze a fixed-point algorithm for reinforcement learning (RL) of optimal portfolio mean-variance preferences in the setting of multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional-heteroskedasticity (MGARCH) with a small penalty on…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-02-17 Andrew Papanicolaou , Hao Fu , Prashanth Krishnamurthy , Farshad Khorrami

Reinforcement learning is a machine learning approach concerned with solving dynamic optimization problems in an almost model-free way by maximizing a reward function in state and action spaces. This property makes it an exciting area of…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2020-10-12 Miquel Noguer i Alonso , Sonam Srivastava

This study investigates the development of an optimal execution strategy through reinforcement learning, aiming to determine the most effective approach for traders to buy and sell inventory within a finite time horizon. Our proposed model…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-11-04 Yadh Hafsi , Edoardo Vittori

We introduce the use of reinforcement learning for indirect mechanisms, working with the existing class of sequential price mechanisms, which generalizes both serial dictatorship and posted price mechanisms and essentially characterizes all…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Gianluca Brero , Alon Eden , Matthias Gerstgrasser , David C. Parkes , Duncan Rheingans-Yoo

In this paper, we consider the problem of optimization and learning for constrained and multi-objective Markov decision processes, for both discounted rewards and expected average rewards. We formulate the problems as zero-sum games where…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-05 Ather Gattami , Qinbo Bai , Vaneet Agarwal

We consider large-scale Markov decision processes (MDPs) with parameter uncertainty, under the robust MDP paradigm. Previous studies showed that robust MDPs, based on a minimax approach to handle uncertainty, can be solved using dynamic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-06-27 Aviv Tamar , Huan Xu , Shie Mannor