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Judicial reasoning in criminal judgments typically consists of three elements: Holding , evidentiary considerations, and subsumption. These elements form the logical foundation of judicial decision-making but remain unstructured in court…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Yu-Cheng Chih , Yong-Hao Hou

Judicial efficiency is critical to social stability. However, in many countries worldwide, grassroots courts face substantial case backlogs, and judicial decisions remain heavily dependent on judges' cognitive efforts, with insufficient…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yongming Chen , Miner Chen , Ye Zhu , Juan Pei , Siyu Chen , Yu Zhou , Yi Wang , Yifan Zhou , Hao Li , Songan Zhang

In the rapidly evolving field of legal analytics, finding relevant cases and accurately predicting judicial outcomes are challenging because of the complexity of legal language, which often includes specialized terminology, complex syntax,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Dong Shu , Haoran Zhao , Xukun Liu , David Demeter , Mengnan Du , Yongfeng Zhang

Traditional legal retrieval systems designed to retrieve legal documents, statutes, precedents, and other legal information are unable to give satisfactory answers due to lack of semantic understanding of specific questions. Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Nan Xie , Yuelin Bai , Hengyuan Gao , Feiteng Fang , Qixuan Zhao , Zhijian Li , Ziqiang Xue , Liang Zhu , Shiwen Ni , Min Yang

What a large language model (LLM) would respond in ethically relevant context? In this paper, we curate a large benchmark CMoralEval for morality evaluation of Chinese LLMs. The data sources of CMoralEval are two-fold: 1) a Chinese TV…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Linhao Yu , Yongqi Leng , Yufei Huang , Shang Wu , Haixin Liu , Xinmeng Ji , Jiahui Zhao , Jinwang Song , Tingting Cui , Xiaoqing Cheng , Tao Liu , Deyi Xiong

Legal judgment prediction (LJP) applies Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to predict judgment results based on fact descriptions automatically. Recently, large-scale public datasets and advances in NLP research have led to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Junyun Cui , Xiaoyu Shen , Feiping Nie , Zheng Wang , Jinglong Wang , Yulong Chen

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) is a pivotal task in legal AI. Existing semantic-enhanced LJP models integrate judicial precedents and legal knowledge for high performance. But they neglect legal reasoning logic, a critical component of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Yue Zhang , Zhiliang Tian , Shicheng Zhou , Haiyang Wang , Wenqing Hou , Yuying Liu , Xuechen Zhao , Minlie Huang , Ye Wang , Bin Zhou

Legal Judgment Prediction is one of the most acclaimed fields for the combined area of NLP, AI, and Law. By legal prediction we mean an intelligent systems capable to predict specific judicial characteristics, such as judicial outcome, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Vithor Gomes Ferreira Bertalan , Evandro Eduardo Seron Ruiz

Legal artificial intelligence (LegalAI) aims to benefit legal systems with the technology of artificial intelligence, especially natural language processing (NLP). Recently, inspired by the success of pre-trained language models (PLMs) in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Chaojun Xiao , Xueyu Hu , Zhiyuan Liu , Cunchao Tu , Maosong Sun

Resentencing in California remains a complex legal challenge despite legislative reforms like the Racial Justice Act (2020), which allows defendants to challenge convictions based on statistical evidence of racial disparities in sentencing…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Aparna Komarla

Legal relations serve as an important analytical framework for dispute resolution in civil cases. However, legal relations in Chinese civil cases remain underexplored in the field of legal AI, largely due to the absence of comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yida Cai , Ranjuexiao Hu , Huiyuan Xie , Chenyang Li , Yun Liu , Yuxiao Ye , Zhenghao Liu , Weixing Shen , Zhiyuan Liu

Legal case documents play a critical role in judicial proceedings. As the number of cases continues to rise, the reliance on manual drafting of legal case documents is facing increasing pressure and challenges. The development of large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Haitao Li , Jiaying Ye , Yiran Hu , Jia Chen , Qingyao Ai , Yueyue Wu , Junjie Chen , Yifan Chen , Cheng Luo , Quan Zhou , Yiqun Liu

Many court systems are overwhelmed all over the world, leading to huge backlogs of pending cases. Effective triage systems, like those in emergency rooms, could ensure proper prioritization of open cases, optimizing time and resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Ronja Stern , Ken Kawamura , Matthias Stürmer , Ilias Chalkidis , Joel Niklaus

We propose DISC-LawLLM, an intelligent legal system utilizing large language models (LLMs) to provide a wide range of legal services. We adopt legal syllogism prompting strategies to construct supervised fine-tuning datasets in the Chinese…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Shengbin Yue , Wei Chen , Siyuan Wang , Bingxuan Li , Chenchen Shen , Shujun Liu , Yuxuan Zhou , Yao Xiao , Song Yun , Xuanjing Huang , Zhongyu Wei

In many jurisdictions, the excessive workload of courts leads to high delays. Suitable predictive AI models can assist legal professionals in their work, and thus enhance and speed up the process. So far, Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Joel Niklaus , Ilias Chalkidis , Matthias Stürmer

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) has become a core benchmark for evaluating AI in the criminal legal domain, but it only sees criminal cases that have already passed prosecutorial review and been formally indicted. As a result, LJP leaves a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Junyu Lu , Qi Wei , Peishuo Zheng , Jie Zhang , Hui Huang , Qianru Wang , Chuan Xiao , Jianbin Qin , Shuyuan Zheng

In this paper, we release a largest ever medical Question Answering (QA) dataset with 26 million QA pairs. We benchmark many existing approaches in our dataset in terms of both retrieval and generation. Experimental results show that the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Jianquan Li , Xidong Wang , Xiangbo Wu , Zhiyi Zhang , Xiaolong Xu , Jie Fu , Prayag Tiwari , Xiang Wan , Benyou Wang

Recent years have witnessed the prosperity of legal artificial intelligence with the development of technologies. In this paper, we propose a novel legal application of legal provision prediction (LPP), which aims to predict the related…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Luoqiu Li , Zhen Bi , Hongbin Ye , Shumin Deng , Hui Chen , Huaixiao Tou

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong potential across legal tasks, yet the problem of legal citation prediction remains under-explored. At its core, this task demands fine-grained contextual understanding and precise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Jiuzhou Han , Paul Burgess , Ehsan Shareghi

We present RACE, a new dataset for benchmark evaluation of methods in the reading comprehension task. Collected from the English exams for middle and high school Chinese students in the age range between 12 to 18, RACE consists of near…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-12-07 Guokun Lai , Qizhe Xie , Hanxiao Liu , Yiming Yang , Eduard Hovy