Related papers: Defining work done on electromagnetic field
Photons are almost involved in each field of science and daily life of everyone. However, there are still some fundamental and puzzling questions such as what a photon is.The expressions of electromagnetic fields of a photon are here…
It is considered constraints imposed by the quantum mechanics on the measurement of the density of the electromagnetic energy. First, the energy of the electromagnetic wave and the volume (time) are bound with the Heisenberg uncertainty…
A systematic formalism for quantum electrodynamics in a classical uniform magnetic field is discussed. The first order radiative correction to the ground state energy of an electron is calculated. This then leads to the anomalous magnetic…
We describe how geometrical methods can be applied to a system with explicitly time-dependent second-class constraints so as to cast it in Hamiltonian form on its physical phase space. Examples of particular interest are systems which…
In the broken-symmetry phase of the electroweak theory there is no unique definition of the electromagnetic field tensor in cases where the magnitude of the Higgs field differs from a constant value. The meaning of the electromagnetic field…
It is believed that thermodynamic laws are associated with random processes occurring in the system and, therefore, deterministic mechanical systems cannot be described within the framework of the thermodynamic approach. In this paper, we…
Various approaches of defining and determining work performed on a quantum system are compared. Any operational definition of work, however, must allow for two facts, first, that work characterizes a process rather than an instantaneous…
Previously, we obtained closed expressions for energy operators in the Foldy-Wouthuysen representation in the presence of static electric fields. In this case, we also established a connection between the Foldy-Wouthuysen representation and…
A conceptually simple physical interpretation of a conserved Hamiltonian $\mathcal{H}$ for a mechanical system with a time-dependent constraint is given. For the case of a bead on a vertical hoop forced to rotate with constant angular…
Time-dependent control of superconducting quantum circuits is a prerequisite for building scalable quantum hardware. The quantum description of these circuits is complicated due to the electromotive force (emf) induced by time-varying…
An appropriate Lagrangian is considered for a system comprising a moving nanoparticle in a semi-infinite space, and the electromagnetic and matter fields are quantized. Through an analysis of the absorbed power radiation, it is demonstrated…
We apply the general conception of non-Abelian gauge fields for description of magnetic soliton excitations. We show that the component of the gauge field along the soliton local magnetization (Abelian part of the gauge potential)…
We consider an electrically charged particle on the Euclidean plane subjected to a perpendicular magnetic field which depends only on one of the two Cartesian co-ordinates. For such a ``unidirectionally constant'' magnetic field (UMF),…
We treat the classical dynamics of the hydrogen atom in perpendicular electric and magnetic fields as a celestial mechanics problem. By expressing the Hamiltonian in appropriate action-angle variables, we separate the different time scales…
A gauge field treatment of a current, oscillating at a fixed frequency, of interacting neutral atoms leads to a set of matter-wave duals to Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field. In contrast to electromagnetics, the velocity of…
Based only on classical Hamiltonian dynamics, we prove the maximum work principle in a system where macroscopic dynamical degrees of freedom are intrinsically coupled to microscopic degrees of freedom. Unlike recent identities between…
One has not any conventional energy-momentum conservation law in Lagrangian field theory, but relations involving different stress-energy-momentum tensors associated with different connections. It is not obvious how to choose the true…
The thermodynamic uncertainty relation provides a universal lower bound on the product of entropy production and the fluctuations of any current. While proven for Markov dynamics on a discrete set of states and for overdamped Langevin…
In this work we give a comprehensive derivation of an exact and numerically feasible method to perform ab-initio calculations of quantum particles interacting with a quantized electromagnetic field. We present a hierachy of…
Work is an observable quantity associated with a process, however there is no Hermitian operator associated with its measurement. We consider an ancilla-assisted protocol measuring the work done on a quantum system driven by a…