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Usual quantum mechanics requires a fixed, background, spacetime geometry and its associated causal structure. A generalization of the usual theory may therefore be needed at the Planck scale for quantum theories of gravity in which…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-12-05 James B. Hartle

Non-relativistic quantum mechanics is shown to emerge from classical mechanics through the requirement of a relativity principle based on special transformations acting on position and momentum uncertainties. These transformations keep the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Léon Brenig

One of the concepts of Relativity theory that challenges conventional intuition the most is time dilation and length contraction. Usual approaches for describing relativistic effects in quantum systems merely postulate the consequences of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-27 Esteban Martínez-Vargas

Quantizing the gravitational field described by General relativity being a notorious difficult, unsolved and maybe meaningless problem I use in this essay a different strategy: I consider a linear theory in the framework of Special…

General Physics · Physics 2016-03-28 Ll. Bel

Since its inception, quantum theory has been the subject of fierce interpretive controversy, which persists to this day. Disputed topics include the basic ontology and dynamics of the theory, the role (if any) of measurement, the meaning of…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Tim Maudlin

We present a generally covariant approach to quantum mechanics in which generalized positions, momenta and time variables are treated as coordinates on a fundamental "phase-spacetime." We show that this covariant starting point makes…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-05-31 Gabriel Herczeg , Andrew Waldron

Quantum theory encounters a difficulty when attempting to describe recording devices. If the recording is of events in which quantum uncertainty plays a role, such as an experiment on a quantum system, quantum theory is unable to correctly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Eric Tesse

Quantum gravity--the marriage of quantum physics with general relativity--is bound to contain deep and important lessons for the nature of physical time. Some of these lessons shall be canvassed here, particularly as they arise from quantum…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2013-08-13 Nick Huggett , Tiziana Vistarini , Christian Wuthrich

General relativity can be recast as a theory of connections by performing a canonical transformation on its phase space. In this form, its (kinematical) structure is closely related to that of Yang-Mills theory and topological field…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-02-03 Abhay Ashtekar

Familiar textbook quantum mechanics assumes a fixed background spacetime to define states on spacelike surfaces and their unitary evolution between them. Quantum theory has changed as our conceptions of space and time have evolved. But…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-06-09 James B. Hartle

I shall discuss some "conditions of possibility" of a quantum theory of gravity, stressing the need for solutions to some of fundamental problems confronting any attempt to apply some method of quantization to the field equations of general…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 John Stachel

Three of the big puzzles of theoretical physics are the following: (i) There is apparently no time evolution in the dynamics of quantum general relativity, because the allowed quantum states must obey the Hamiltonian constraint. (ii) During…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-12-29 Shreya Banerjee , Sayantani Bera , Tejinder P. Singh

The quantization of time-reparametrization invariant systems such as general relativity is plagued by an ambiguity relating to the role of time in the theory. If one parametrizes observables by the (unobservable) time, and then relies on…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Steven Weinstein

General Theory of Relativity and Quantum theory gives two different description of the same mother nature in the big and small scale respectively. Mathematical languages of these two theories are entirely different, one is geometric while…

General Physics · Physics 2020-05-11 Sijo K. Joseph

One of the major issues confronting theoretical physics is finding a quantum theory of gravity and a resolution to the cosmological constant problem. It is believed that a true quantum theory of gravity will lead to a solution to the this…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-09-05 Edward Tetteh-Lartey

The ordinary quantum theory points out that general relativity is negligible for spatial distances up to the Planck scale. Consistency in the foundations of the quantum theory requires a``soft'' spacetime structure of the general relativity…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-09-13 Peter Leifer

We revisit the issue of time in quantum geometrodynamics and suggest a quantization procedure on the space of true dynamic variables. This procedure separates the issue of quantization from enforcing the constraints caused by the general…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-12-21 Warner A. Miller , Arkady Kheyfets

A recently introduced discrete formalism allows to solve the problem of time in quantum gravity in a relational manner. Quantum mechanics formulated with a relational time is not exactly unitary and implies a fundamental mechanism for…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Rodolfo Gambini , Rafael Porto , Jorge Pullin

Where does what happens happen in a quantum system? The standard textbook formulation of quantum mechanics provides a strange, imprecise and yet successful-in-practice answer to this question. In the struggle to unify our understanding of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-06 Fay Dowker

It is shown how all the major conceptual difficulties of standard (textbook) quantum mechanics, including the two measurement problems and the (supposed) nonlocality that conflicts with special relativity, are resolved in the consistent or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-07-01 Robert B. Griffiths