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This paper is to study a signal-plus-noise model in high dimensional settings when the dimension and the sample size are comparable. Specifically, we assume that the noise has a general covariance matrix that allows for heteroskedasticity,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-13 Xiaoyu Liu , Yiming Liu , Guangming Pan , Lingyue Zhang , Zhixiang Zhang

Characterizing the asymptotic distributions of eigenvectors for large random matrices poses important challenges yet can provide useful insights into a range of statistical applications. To this end, in this paper we introduce a general…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-10-14 Jianqing Fan , Yingying Fan , Xiao Han , Jinchi Lv

Principal component analysis (PCA) is known to be sensitive to outliers, so that various robust PCA variants were proposed in the literature. A recent model, called REAPER, aims to find the principal components by solving a convex…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-03-19 Robert Beinert , Gabriele Steidl

We study principal components analyses in multivariate random and mixed effects linear models, assuming a spherical-plus-spikes structure for the covariance matrix of each random effect. We characterize the behavior of outlier sample…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-06-26 Zhou Fan , Iain M. Johnstone , Yi Sun

Estimating the leading principal components of data, assuming they are sparse, is a central task in modern high-dimensional statistics. Many algorithms were developed for this sparse PCA problem, from simple diagonal thresholding to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-06-04 Robert Krauthgamer , Boaz Nadler , Dan Vilenchik

Low-rank matrix recovery problems involving high-dimensional and heterogeneous data appear in applications throughout statistics and machine learning. The contribution of this paper is to establish the fundamental limits of recovery for a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-22 Joshua K. Behne , Galen Reeves

We consider the Principal Component Analysis problem for large tensors of arbitrary order $k$ under a single-spike (or rank-one plus noise) model. On the one hand, we use information theory, and recent results in probability theory, to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-11-06 Andrea Montanari , Emile Richard

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a method for estimating a subspace given noisy samples. It is useful in a variety of problems ranging from dimensionality reduction to anomaly detection and the visualization of high dimensional data.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-06-14 David Hong , Laura Balzano , Jeffrey A. Fessler

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a dimensionality reduction method in data analysis that involves diagonalizing the covariance matrix of the dataset. Recently, quantum algorithms have been formulated for PCA based on diagonalizing a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-26 Max Hunter Gordon , M. Cerezo , Lukasz Cincio , Patrick J. Coles

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a most frequently used statistical tool in almost all branches of data science. However, like many other statistical tools, there is sometimes the risk of misuse or even abuse. In this paper, we…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-12 Xinyu Zhang , Howell Tong

We revisit the fundamental question of simple-versus-simple hypothesis testing with an eye towards computational complexity, as the statistically optimal likelihood ratio test is often computationally intractable in high-dimensional…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-05 Ankur Moitra , Alexander S. Wein

We study the asymptotic distributions of the spiked eigenvalues and the largest nonspiked eigenvalue of the sample covariance matrix under a general covariance matrix model with divergent spiked eigenvalues, while the other eigenvalues are…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-11-07 Tony Cai , Xiao Han , Guangming Pan

This paper investigates a statistical procedure for testing the equality of two independently estimated covariance matrices when the number of potentially dependent data vectors is large and proportional to the size of the vectors, that is,…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-07-13 Rémy Mariétan , Stephan Morgenthaler

We analyze a practical algorithm for sparse PCA on incomplete and noisy data under a general non-random sampling scheme. The algorithm is based on a semidefinite relaxation of the $\ell_1$-regularized PCA problem. We provide theoretical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-06 Hanbyul Lee , Qifan Song , Jean Honorio

Consider the problem of estimating a low-rank matrix when its entries are perturbed by Gaussian noise. If the empirical distribution of the entries of the spikes is known, optimal estimators that exploit this knowledge can substantially…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-08-08 Andrea Montanari , Ramji Venkataramanan

The study of stability and sensitivity of statistical methods or algorithms with respect to their data is an important problem in machine learning and statistics. The performance of the algorithm under resampling of the data is a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-02-15 Haoyu Wang

Recently, inference about high-dimensional integrated covariance matrices (ICVs) based on noisy high-frequency data has emerged as a challenging problem. In the literature, a pre-averaging estimator (PA-RCov) is proposed to deal with the…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-02-14 Keren Shen , Jianfeng Yao , Wai Keung Li

We develop asymptotic theory for principal component analysis (PCA) of a high-dimensional factor model in which the working dimension $R$ is fixed and only required to satisfy $R \ge r$, where $r$ is the true number of factors. Building on…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-19 Yuan Liao , Xin Tong , Wanjie Wang , Dacheng Xiu

Fan et al. [$\mathit{Annals}$ $\mathit{of}$ $\mathit{Statistics}$ $\textbf{47}$(6) (2019) 3009-3031] constructed a distributed principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm to reduce the communication cost between multiple servers…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-10-07 Kangqiang Li , Han Bao , Lixin Zhang

We consider the problem of finding anomalies in high-dimensional data using popular PCA based anomaly scores. The naive algorithms for computing these scores explicitly compute the PCA of the covariance matrix which uses space quadratic in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-28 Vatsal Sharan , Parikshit Gopalan , Udi Wieder