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Exoplanets smaller than Neptune are numerous, but the nature of the planet populations in the 1-4 Earth radii range remains a mystery. The complete Kepler sample of Q1-Q17 exoplanet candidates shows a radius gap at ~ 2 Earth radii, as…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-12-18 Li Zeng , Stein B. Jacobsen , Dimitar D. Sasselov

Context. Giant planets play a major role in multiple planetary systems. Knowing their demographics is important to test their overall impact on planetary systems formation. It is also important to test their formation processes. Recently,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-09-13 A. -M. Lagrange , F. Philipot , P. Rubini , N. Meunier , F. Kiefer , P. Kervella , P. Delorme , H. Beust

Currently, we have only limited means to probe the presence of planets at large orbital separations. Foreman-Mackey et al. searched for long-period transiting planets in the Kepler light curves using an automated pipeline. Here, we apply…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-07-17 Miranda K. Herman , Wei Zhu , Yanqin Wu

Exoplanets smaller than Neptune are common around red dwarf stars (M dwarfs), with those that transit their host star constituting the bulk of known temperate worlds amenable for atmospheric characterization. We analyze the masses and radii…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-09-09 R. Luque , E. Pallé

The planets with a radius $<$ 4 $R$$_\oplus$ observed by the Kepler mission exhibit a unique feature, and propose a challenge for current planetary formation models. The tidal effect between a planet and its host star plays an essential…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-05-15 Yao Dong , Jianghui Ji , Su Wang

We constrain the densities of Earth- to Neptune-size planets around very cool (Te =3660-4660K) Kepler stars by comparing 1202 Keck/HIRES radial velocity measurements of 150 nearby stars to a model based on Kepler candidate planet radii and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-30 Eric Gaidos , Debra A. Fischer , Andrew W. Mann , Sebastien Lepine

To aid in the physical interpretation of planetary radii constrained through observations of transiting planets, or eventually direct detections, we compute model radii of pure hydrogen-helium, water, rock, and iron planets, along with…

Astrophysics · Physics 2010-04-06 Jonathan J. Fortney , Mark S. Marley , Jason W. Barnes

The voids between galaxies are identified with the volumes of the Poisson Voronoi tessellation. Two new survival functions for the apparent radii of voids are derived. The sectional normalized area of the Poisson Voronoi tessellation is…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-20 Lorenzo Zaninetti

The Kepler mission enabled us to look at the intrinsic population of exoplanets within our galaxy. In period-radius space, the distribution of the intrinsic population of planets contains structure that can trace planet formation and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-04-24 Anne Dattilo , Natalie M. Batalha

Transiting planet surveys like Kepler have provided a wealth of information on the distribution of planetary radii, particularly for the new populations of super-Earth and sub-Neptune sized planets. In order to aid in the physical…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-17 Eric D. Lopez , Jonathan J. Fortney

This paper aims to derive a map of relative planet occurrence rates that can provide constraints on the overall distribution of terrestrial planets around FGK stars. Based on the planet candidates in the Kepler DR25 data release, I first…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-02-24 Sheng Jin

The radius valley, a bifurcation in the size distribution of small, close-in exoplanets, is hypothesized to be a signature of planetary atmospheric loss. Such an evolutionary phenomenon should depend on the age of the star-planet system. In…

We have investigated the problem of the distribution of both masses and orbital radii of planets resulting from the gas-accretion, gas-capture model. First we followed the evolution of gas and solids from the moment where all solids are in…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Kacper Kornet , Sebastian Wolf

The radius valley, i.e., a dearth of planets with radii between 1.5 and 2 Earth radii, provides insights into planetary formation and evolution. Using homogenously revised planetary parameters from Kepler 1-minute short cadence light…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-06-12 Cynthia S. K. Ho , James G. Rogers , Vincent Van Eylen , James E. Owen , Hilke E. Schlichting

The Kepler Mission has found thousands of planetary candidates with radii between 1 and 4 R$_\oplus$. These planets have no analogues in our own Solar System, providing an unprecedented opportunity to understand the range and distribution…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-25 Angie Wolfgang , Eric Lopez

We classified the reddest ($r-J>2.2$) stars observed by the NASA $Kepler$ mission into main sequence dwarf or evolved giant stars and determined the properties of 4216 M dwarfs based on a comparison of available photometry with that of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-02-24 E. Gaidos , A. W. Mann , A. L. Kraus , M. Ireland

We calculate an empirical, non-parametric estimate of the shape of the period-marginalized radius distribution of planets with periods less than 150 days using the small yet well-characterized sample of cool ($T_{\rm eff} <4000 $K) dwarf…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-15 Timothy D. Morton , Jonathan J. Swift

We carry out an independent search of Kepler photometry for small transiting planets with sizes 0.5--8.0 times that of Earth and orbital periods between 5 and 50 days, with the goal of measuring the fraction of stars harboring such planets.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-15 Erik A. Petigura , Geoffrey W. Marcy , Andrew W. Howard

Ultra-short period (USP) planets are an enigmatic subset of exoplanets defined by having orbital periods $<$ 1 day. It is still not understood how USP planets form, or to what degree they differ from planets with longer orbital periods.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-09-29 Ana Sofía M. Uzsoy , Leslie A. Rogers , Ellen M. Price