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Recent renewed interest in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has generated an impressive array of techniques that leverage deep reinforcement learning, primarily actor-critic architectures, and can be applied to a limited range of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Keyang He , Prashant Doshi , Bikramjit Banerjee

We explore deep reinforcement learning methods for multi-agent domains. We begin by analyzing the difficulty of traditional algorithms in the multi-agent case: Q-learning is challenged by an inherent non-stationarity of the environment,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Ryan Lowe , Yi Wu , Aviv Tamar , Jean Harb , Pieter Abbeel , Igor Mordatch

This paper explores the emergence of norms in agents' societies when agents play multiple -even incompatible- roles in their social contexts simultaneously, and have limited interaction ranges. Specifically, this article proposes two…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2015-03-25 George Vouros

Adequate strategizing of agents behaviors is essential to solving cooperative MARL problems. One intuitively beneficial yet uncommon method in this domain is predicting agents future behaviors and planning accordingly. Leveraging this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-15 Majd Ibrahim , Ammar Fayad

In cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) agents are required to learn behaviours as a team to achieve a common goal. However, while learning a task, some agents may end up learning sub-optimal policies, not contributing to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Rafael Pina , Varuna De Silva , Corentin Artaud

Capturing and simulating intelligent adaptive behaviours within spatially explicit individual-based models remains an ongoing challenge for researchers. While an ever-increasing abundance of real-world behavioural data are collected, few…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Sedar Olmez , Dan Birks , Alison Heppenstall

Cooperative Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is crucial for cooperative decentralized decision learning in many domains such as search and rescue, drone surveillance, package delivery and fire fighting problems. In these domains, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-23 Rajiv Ranjan Kumar , Pradeep Varakantham

Autonomous vehicles inevitably encounter a vast array of scenarios in real-world environments. Addressing long-tail scenarios, particularly those involving intensive interactions with numerous traffic participants, remains one of the most…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Guanzhou Li , Jianping Wu , Yujing He

Offline multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) aims to learn effective multi-agent policies from pre-collected datasets, which is an important step toward the deployment of multi-agent systems in real-world applications. However, in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Qi Tian , Kun Kuang , Furui Liu , Baoxiang Wang

Building autonomous vehicles (AVs) is a complex problem, but enabling them to operate in the real world where they will be surrounded by human-driven vehicles (HVs) is extremely challenging. Prior works have shown the possibilities of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Rodolfo Valiente , Behrad Toghi , Ramtin Pedarsani , Yaser P. Fallah

Artificially intelligent agents deployed in the real-world will require the ability to reliably \textit{cooperate} with humans (as well as other, heterogeneous AI agents). To provide formal guarantees of successful cooperation, we must make…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Robert Loftin , Saptarashmi Bandyopadhyay , Mustafa Mert Çelikok

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) provides a promising paradigm for coordinating multi-agent systems (MAS). However, most existing methods rely on restrictive assumptions, such as a fixed number of agents and fully synchronous…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yexin Li , Jinjin Guo , Haoyu Zhang , Yuhan Zhao , Yiwen Sun , Zihao Jiao

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is a prevalent learning paradigm for solving stochastic games. In most MARL studies, agents in a game are defined as teammates or enemies beforehand, and the relationships among the agents remain…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Shijie Han , Siyuan Li , Bo An , Wei Zhao , Peng Liu

This paper proposes an exploration technique for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) with graph-based communication among agents. We assume the individual rewards received by the agents are independent of the actions by the other…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Ainur Zhaikhan , Ali H. Sayed

In a multi-agent setting, the optimal policy of a single agent is largely dependent on the behavior of other agents. We investigate the problem of multi-agent reinforcement learning, focusing on decentralized learning in non-stationary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Anahita Mohseni-Kabir , David Isele , Kikuo Fujimura

Group-agent reinforcement learning (GARL) is a newly arising learning scenario, where multiple reinforcement learning agents study together in a group, sharing knowledge in an asynchronous fashion. The goal is to improve the learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Kaiyue Wu , Xiao-Jun Zeng , Tingting Mu

Despite the recent advancement in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), the MARL agents easily overfit the training environment and perform poorly in the evaluation scenarios where other agents behave differently. Obtaining…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Wei Qiu , Xiao Ma , Bo An , Svetlana Obraztsova , Shuicheng Yan , Zhongwen Xu

This paper explores advanced topics in complex multi-agent systems building upon our previous work. We examine four fundamental challenges in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL): non-stationarity, partial observability, scalability…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Neil De La Fuente , Miquel Noguer i Alonso , Guim Casadellà

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping strategic planning, with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) enabling coordination among autonomous agents in complex scenarios. However, its practical deployment in sensitive military…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Ardian Selmonaj , Alessandro Antonucci , Adrian Schneider , Michael Rüegsegger , Matthias Sommer

While we would like agents that can coordinate with humans, current algorithms such as self-play and population-based training create agents that can coordinate with themselves. Agents that assume their partner to be optimal or similar to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Micah Carroll , Rohin Shah , Mark K. Ho , Thomas L. Griffiths , Sanjit A. Seshia , Pieter Abbeel , Anca Dragan