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The Rasch model, a classical model in the item response theory, is widely used in psychometrics to model the relationship between individuals' latent traits and their binary responses to assessments or questionnaires. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-31 Yuepeng Yang , Cong Ma

The Linear Ballistic Accumulator (Brown & Heathcote, 2008) model is used as a measurement tool to answer questions about applied psychology. The analyses based on this model depend upon the model selected and its estimated parameters.…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-03-03 David Gunawan , Guy E. Hawkins , Minh-Ngoc Tran , Robert Kohn , Scott Brown

We introduce a new general modeling approach for multivariate discrete event data with categorical interacting marks, which we refer to as marked Bernoulli processes. In the proposed model, the probability of an event of a specific category…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-11-13 Anatoli Juditsky , Arkadi Nemirovski , Liyan Xie , Yao Xie

Educational assessment relies heavily on knowing question difficulty, traditionally determined through resource-intensive pre-testing with students. This creates significant barriers for both classroom teachers and assessment developers. We…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Matias Hoyl

Item Response Theory (IRT) models aim to assess latent abilities of $n$ examinees along with latent difficulty characteristics of $m$ test items from categorical data that indicates the quality of their corresponding answers. Classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Susanne Frick , Amer Krivošija , Alexander Munteanu

Item Response Theory (IRT) models have received growing interest in health science for analyzing latent constructs such as depression, anxiety, quality of life, or cognitive functioning from the information provided by each individual's…

Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and Likelihood Ratio Test (LRT) are widely used methods for estimating the transition probability matrix in Markov chains and identifying significant relationships between transitions, such as equality.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-04 Yining Zhou , Ming Gao , Yiting Chen , Xiaoping Shi

Evaluation of large language models (LLMs) is increasingly critical, yet standard benchmarking methods rely on average accuracy, overlooking both the inherent stochasticity of LLM outputs and the heterogeneity of benchmark items. Item…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-11 Xinhao Qu , Qiang Heng , Hao Zeng , Xiaoqian Liu

This paper presents a machine learning approach to multidimensional item response theory (MIRT), a class of latent factor models that can be used to model and predict student performance from observed assessment data. Inspired by…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-08 Yoav Bergner , Peter F. Halpin , Jill-Jênn Vie

This paper provides a review of model selection and model averaging methods for multinomial probit models estimated using the MACML approach. The proposed approaches are partitioned into test based methods (mostly derived from the…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-04-04 Manuel Batram , Dietmar Bauer

In a recent review, Liu, Pek, & Maydeu-Olivares (2025b) classified reliability coefficients into two types: classical test theory (CTT) reliability and proportional reduction in mean squared error (PRMSE). This article focuses on…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-14 Youjin Sung , Yang Liu

Robust validation of Machine Learning (ML) models is essential, but traditional data partitioning approaches often ignore the intrinsic quality of each instance. This study proposes the use of Item Response Theory (IRT) parameters to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Lucas Cardoso , Vitor Santos , José Ribeiro Filho , Ricardo Prudêncio , Regiane Kawasaki , Ronnie Alves

In this paper, we show that the adaptive multidimensional increment ratio estimator of the long range memory parameter defined in Bardet and Dola (2012) satisfies a central limit theorem (CLT in the sequel) for a large semiparametric class…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-12-19 Jean-Marc Bardet , Béchir Dola

We propose a structural equation model, which reduces to a multidimensional latent class item response theory model, for the analysis of binary item responses with non-ignorable missingness. The missingness mechanism is driven by two sets…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-10-21 Silvia Bacci , Francesco Bartolucci

Thousands of diverse benchmarks have been developed to measure the quality of large language models (LLMs). Yet prior work has demonstrated that LLM performance is often sufficiently explained by a small set of latent factors, or abilities.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Michael Krumdick , Adam Wiemerslage , Seth Ebner , Charles Lovering , Chris Tanner

Survey instruments and assessments are frequently used in many domains of social science. When the constructs that these assessments try to measure become multifaceted, multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) provides a unified…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-08 Chenchen Ma , Jing Ouyang , Chun Wang , Gongjun Xu

The rapid release of both language models and benchmarks makes it increasingly costly to evaluate every model on every dataset. In practice, models are often evaluated on different samples, making scores difficult to compare across studies.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Eliya Habba , Itay Itzhak , Asaf Yehudai , Yotam Perlitz , Elron Bandel , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer , Leshem Choshen , Gabriel Stanovsky

Estimating item difficulty through field-testing is often resource-intensive and time-consuming. As such, there is strong motivation to develop methods that can predict item difficulty at scale using only the item content. Large Language…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Pooya Razavi , Sonya Powers

Model evaluation is a critical component in supervised machine learning classification analyses. Traditional metrics do not currently incorporate case difficulty. This renders the classification results unbenchmarked for generalization.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Adrienne Kline , Joon Lee

The study presents an exploratory graphical modeling approach for evaluating local item dependency within cognitively diagnostic classification models (DCMs). Current approaches to modeling local dependence require known item structure and…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-29 Hyeon-Ah Kang , Jingchen Liu , Zhiliang Ying