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The uses of a silicon-pixel camera with very good time resolution ($\sim$nanosecond) for detecting multiple, bunched optical photons is explored. We present characteristics of the camera and describe experiments proving its counting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-20 Andrei Nomerotski , Michael Keach , Paul Stankus , Peter Svihra , Stephen Vintskevich

Extracting as much information as possible about an object when probing with a limited number of photons is an important goal with applications from biology and security to metrology. Imaging with a few photons is a challenging task as the…

X-ray luminescence is produced when contrast agents absorb energy from X-ray photons and release a portion of that energy by emitting photons in the visible and near-infrared range. X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) was…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-13 Yile Fang , Yibing Zhang , Changqing Li

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a versatile technique used to image samples at the nanoscale. Conventional imaging by this technique relies on finding the average intensity of the signal generated on a detector by secondary electrons…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-11-04 Akshay Agarwal , John Simonaitis , Vivek K. Goyal , Karl K. Berggren

The learning of the physical world relies on sensing and data post-processing. When the signals are weak, multidimensional and correlated, the performance of learning is often bottlenecked by the quality of sensors, calling for integrating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Jia-Jin Feng , Anthony J. Brady , Quntao Zhuang

The output of a photodetector consists of a current pulse whose charge has the statistical distribution of the actual photon numbers convolved with a Bernoulli distribution. Photodetectors are characterized by a nonunit quantum efficiency,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 G. Zambra , M. G. A. Paris

New lensless diffractive X-ray technic for micro-scale imaging of biological tissue is based on quantitative phase retrieval schemes. By incorporating refraction, this method yields improved contrast compared to purely absorption-based…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-03-28 Victor Palamodov

Single photon detectors are fundamental tools of investigation in quantum optics and play a central role in measurement theory and quantum informatics. Photodetectors based on different technologies exist at optical frequencies and much…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-19 Sankar Raman Sathyamoorthy , Thomas M. Stace , Göran Johansson

The spectrum of laser-plasma generated X-rays is very important, it characterizes electron dynamics in plasma and is basic for applications. However, the accuracies and efficiencies of existing methods to diagnose the spectrum of…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-09-03 Jiaxing Wen , Minghai Yu , Yuchi Wu , Ming Zeng , Bo Zhang , Jirong Cang , Yuge Zhang , Ge Ma , Yue Yang , Wenbo Mo , Zongqing Zhao

Joint spectral measurements are a powerful tool for characterising biphoton spectral correlation, which is crucial for quantum information and communication technologies. In these applications, highly pure biphoton states are essential in…

Recovering both amplitude and phase information from a system is a fundamental goal of optical imaging. At the same time, it is crucial to operate at low photon doses to avoid altering the sample, particularly in biological applications.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Alberto Paniate , Giuseppe Ortolano , Sarika Soman , Marco Genovese , Ivano Ruo-Berchera

Imaging with hard x-rays is an invaluable tool in medicine, biology, materials science, and cultural heritage. Propagation-based x-ray phase-contrast imaging and tomography have been mostly used to resolve micrometer-scale structures inside…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-02 Margie P. Olbinado , David M. Paganin , Yin Cheng , Alexander Rack

We study the properties of a photodetector that has a number-resolving capability. In the absence of dark counts, due to its finite quantum efficiency, photodetection with such a detector can only eliminate the possibility that the incident…

Photon counting 3D imaging allows to obtain 3D images with single-photon sensitivity and sub-ns temporal resolution. However, it is challenging to scale to high spatial resolution. In this work, we demonstrate a photon counting 3D imaging…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-09-19 Huidong Dai , Weiji He , Guohua Gu , Ling Ye , Tianyi Mao , Qian Chen

One of the primary objectives of modern astronomy is the atmospheric characterization of Earth-like exoplanets at visible and infrared wavelengths. Achieving this goal requires extremely sensitive detectors capable of measuring faint signal…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-27 Wilbert G. Ras-Vinke , Kevin Kouwenhoven , Jochem J. A. Baselmans , Kenichi Karatsu , David J. Thoen , Vignesh Murugesan , Pieter J. de Visser

Single-photon cameras (SPCs) are emerging as sensors of choice for various challenging imaging applications. One class of SPCs based on the single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detects individual photons using an avalanche process; the raw…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-30 Lucas J. Koerner , Shantanu Gupta , Atul Ingle , Mohit Gupta

Modern X-ray and gamma-ray observatories time-tag detected photons. The distribution of intervals between successive photons may reveal variations of the flux on time scales too short for direct flux measurement of the mean count rate,…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-03-05 J. I. Katz , M. Nowak

We propose a nonlinear imaging scheme with undetected photons that overcomes the diffraction limit by transferring near-field information at one wavelength to far-field information of a correlated photon with a different wavelength…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-11 Elkin A. Santos , Thomas Pertsch , Frank Setzpfandt , Sina Saravi

In conventional x-ray ptychography, diffraction data is collected by scanning a sample through a monochromatic, and spatially coherent, x-ray beam. A high-resolution image is then retrieved using an iterative algorithm. Combined with a scan…

Optics · Physics 2025-08-26 Wiebe Stolp , Silvia Cipiccia , Darren Batey , Matthieu Boone

We develop a novel algorithm for characterizing Deep Sub-Electron Read Noise (DSERN) image sensors. This algorithm is able to simultaneously compute maximum likelihood estimates of quanta exposure, conversion gain, bias, and read noise of…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-06-29 Aaron Hendrickson , David P. Haefner