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We address item relocation problems in graphs in this paper. We assume items placed in vertices of an undirected graph with at most one item per vertex. Items can be moved across edges while various constraints depending on the type of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-18 Pavel Surynek

The input to the token swapping problem is a graph with vertices $v_1, v_2, \ldots, v_n$, and $n$ tokens with labels $1, 2, \ldots, n$, one on each vertex. The goal is to get token $i$ to vertex $v_i$ for all $i= 1, \ldots, n$ using a…

Given a graph where every vertex has exactly one labeled token, how can we most quickly execute a given permutation on the tokens? In (sequential) token swapping, the goal is to use the shortest possible sequence of swaps, each of which…

In this paper we study a combinatorial reconfiguration problem that involves finding an optimal sequence of swaps to move an initial configuration of tokens that are placed on the vertices of a graph to a final desired one. This problem…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Ishan Bansal , Oktay Günlük , Richard Shapley

In the Token Swapping problem we are given a graph with a token placed on each vertex. Each token has exactly one destination vertex, and we try to move all the tokens to their destinations, using the minimum number of swaps, i.e.,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Édouard Bonnet , Tillmann Miltzow , Paweł Rzążewski

In multi-agent path finding (MAPF) the task is to find non-conflicting paths for multiple agents. In this paper we focus on finding suboptimal solutions for MAPF for the sum-of-costs variant. Recently, a SAT-based approached was developed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-07-04 Pavel Surynek , Ariel Felner , Roni Stern , Eli Boyarski

Real-time planning for a combined problem of target assignment and path planning for multiple agents, also known as the unlabeled version of Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF), is crucial for high-level coordination in multi-agent systems,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Keisuke Okumura , Xavier Défago

Multi-agent pathfinding (MAPF) is the problem of finding a set of conflict-free paths for a set of agents. Typically, the agents' moves are limited to a pre-defined graph of possible locations and allowed transitions between them, e.g. a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Konstantin Yakovlev , Anton Andreychuk , Roni Stern

Given a graph $G=(V,E)$ with $V=\{1,\ldots,n\}$, we place on every vertex a token $T_1,\ldots,T_n$. A swap is an exchange of tokens on adjacent vertices. We consider the algorithmic question of finding a shortest sequence of swaps such that…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-07-28 Tillmann Miltzow , Lothar Narins , Yoshio Okamoto , Günter Rote , Antonis Thomas , Takeaki Uno

The problems of Permutation Routing via Matching and Token Swapping are reconfiguration problems on graphs. This paper is concerned with the complexity of those problems and a colored variant. For a given graph where each vertex has a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-09-13 Jun Kawahara , Toshiki Saitoh , Ryo Yoshinaka

We study the weighted token swapping problem, in which we are given a graph on $n$ vertices, $n$ weighted tokens, an initial assignment of one token to each vertex, and a final assignment of one token to each vertex. The goal is to find a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Nicole Wein , Guanyu Tony Zhang

In this paper we study a challenging variant of the multi-agent pathfinding problem (MAPF), when a set of agents must reach a set of goal locations, but it does not matter which agent reaches a specific goal - Anonymous MAPF (AMAPF).…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Stepan Dergachev , Konstantin Yakovlev

We investigate the computational complexity of the following problem. We are given a graph in which each vertex has an initial and a target color. Each pair of adjacent vertices can swap their current colors. Our goal is to perform the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-03-20 Katsuhisa Yamanaka , Takashi Horiyama , J. Mark Keil , David Kirkpatrick , Yota Otachi , Toshiki Saitoh , Ryuhei Uehara , Yushi Uno

As industries increasingly adopt large robotic fleets, there is a pressing need for computationally efficient, practical, and optimal conflict-free path planning for multiple robots. Conflict-Based Search (CBS) is a popular method for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Scott Fredriksson , Yifan Bai , Akshit Saradagi , George Nikolakopoulos

Multi-agent path finding (MAPF) is the problem of finding paths for multiple agents such that they do not collide. This problem manifests in numerous real-world applications such as controlling transportation robots in automated warehouses,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Carmel Shabalin , Omri Kaduri , Roni Stern

This paper addresses a variant of multi-agent path finding (MAPF) in continuous space and time. We present a new solving approach based on satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) to obtain makespan optimal solutions. The standard MAPF is a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-03-26 Pavel Surynek

We study the following variant of the 15 puzzle. Given a graph and two token placements on the vertices, we want to find a walk of the minimum length (if any exists) such that the sequence of token swappings along the walk obtains one of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Hironori Kiya , Yuto Okada , Hirotaka Ono , Yota Otachi

We study the token swapping problem, in which we are given a graph with an initial assignment of one distinct token to each vertex, and a final desired assignment (again with one token per vertex). The goal is to find the minimum length…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Sam Hiken , Nicole Wein

The Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) problem entails finding collision-free paths for a set of agents, guiding them from their start to goal locations. However, MAPF does not account for several practical task-related constraints. For…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Yu Quan Chong , Jiaoyang Li , Katia Sycara

In this article, we address the problem of collaborative task assignment, sequencing, and multi-agent pathfinding (TSPF), where a team of agents must visit a set of task locations without collisions while minimizing flowtime. TSPF…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yifan Bai , Shruti Kotpalliwar , Christoforos Kanellakis , George Nikolakopoulos
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