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Quantum computers, besides offering substantial computational speedups, are also expected to provide the possibility of preserving the privacy of a computation. Here we show the first such experimental demonstration of blind quantum…

In blind quantum computation (BQC), a client delegates her quantum computation to a server with universal quantum computers who learns nothing about the client's private information. In measurement-based BQC model, entangled states are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-27 Xiaoqian Zhang , Weiqi Luo , Guoqiang Zeng , Jian Weng , Yaxi Yang , Minrong Chen , Xiaoqing Tan

The question of whether a fully classical client can delegate a quantum computation to an untrusted quantum server while fully maintaining privacy (blindness) is one of the big open questions in quantum cryptography. Both yes and no answers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-07 Vedran Dunjko , Elham Kashefi

Continuous-variable (CV) cluster states are a universal quantum computing platform that has experimentally out-scaled qubit platforms by orders of magnitude. Room-temperature implementation of CV cluster states has been achieved with…

Blind quantum computing allows for secure cloud networks of quasi-classical clients and a fully fledged quantum server. Recently, a new protocol has been proposed, which requires a client to perform only measurements. We demonstrate a…

Continuous variable (CV) quantum computation offers an alternative to qubit-based computing by exploiting the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space of bosonic modes. Despite recent progress, superconducting platforms have yet to demonstrate a…

In the medium term, quantum computing must tackle two key challenges: fault tolerance and security. Fault tolerance will be solved with sufficiently high quality experiments on large numbers of qubits, but the scale and complexity of these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-11 Ethan Davies , Alastair Kay

In blind quantum computing, a user with a simple client device can perform a quantum computation on a remote quantum server such that the server cannot gain knowledge about the computation. Here, we numerically investigate hardware…

While continuous-variable (CV) quantum systems are believed to be more efficient for quantum sensing and metrology than their discrete-variable (DV) counterparts due to the infinite spectrum of their native operators, our toolkit of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-10 Xi Lu , Bojko N. Bakalov , Yuan Liu

The universal blind quantum computation protocol (UBQC) (Broadbent, Fitzsimons, Kashefi 2009) enables an almost classical client to delegate a quantum computation to an untrusted quantum server (in form of a garbled quantum computation)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-11 Elham Kashefi , Petros Wallden

The efficient certification of classically intractable quantum devices has been a central research question for some time. However, to observe a "quantum advantage", it is believed that one does not need to build a large scale universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-05 Daniel Mills , Anna Pappa , Theodoros Kapourniotis , Elham Kashefi

We introduce a simple protocol for verifiable measurement-only blind quantum computing. Alice, a client, can perform only single-qubit measurements, whereas Bob, a server, can generate and store entangled many-qubit states. Bob generates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-02 Masahito Hayashi , Tomoyuki Morimae

In a recent breakthrough, Mahadev constructed a classical verification of quantum computation (CVQC) protocol for a classical client to delegate decision problems in BQP to an untrusted quantum prover under computational assumptions. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-26 Kai-Min Chung , Yi Lee , Han-Hsuan Lin , Xiaodi Wu

Blind quantum computation (BQC) is a secure quantum computation method that protects the privacy of clients. Measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC) is a promising approach for realizing BQC. To obtain reliable results in blind MBQC,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-21 Zihao Li , Huangjun Zhu , Masahito Hayashi

With the advent of quantum cloud computing, the security of delegated quantum computation has become of utmost importance. While multiple statistically secure blind verification schemes in the prepare-and-send model have been proposed, none…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Theodoros Kapourniotis , Dominik Leichtle , Luka Music , Harold Ollivier

Blind quantum computation (BQC) protocol allows a client having partially quantum ability to del- egate his quantum computation to a remote quantum server without leaking any information about the input, the output and the intended…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-22 Shih-Min Hung , Tzonelih Hwang

In order to guarantee the output of a quantum computation, we usually assume that the component devices are trusted. However, when the total computation process is large, it is not easy to guarantee the whole system when we have scaling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-16 Masahito Hayashi , Michal Hajdusek

Current cloud-based quantum processors offer access to advanced hardware hosted on a remote server, but do not guarantee data or algorithm privacy. Blind quantum computation provides information-theoretic privacy by enabling a client to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-15 Yongxin Song , Johannes Knörzer , Kieran Dalton , Andreas Wallraff , Jean-Claude Besse

The future of quantum computing architecture is most likely the one in which a large number of clients are either fully classical or have a very limited quantum capability while a very small number of servers having the capability to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Aman Gupta , Daniel Prasanth , Venkat Chandra Gunja

Universal blind quantum computing allows users with minimal quantum resources to delegate a quantum computation to a remote quantum server, while keeping intrinsically hidden input, algorithm, and outcome. State-of-art experimental…