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The concept of causality has a controversial history. The question of whether it is possible to represent and address causal problems with probability theory, or if fundamentally new mathematics such as the do calculus is required has been…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-13 Finnian Lattimore , David Rohde

Despite the major advances taken in causal modeling, causality is still an unfamiliar topic for many statisticians. In this paper, it is demonstrated from the beginning to the end how causal effects can be estimated from observational data…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-07-03 Juha Karvanen

We consider the problem of efficiently inferring interventional distributions in a causal Bayesian network from a finite number of observations. Let $\mathcal{P}$ be a causal model on a set $\mathbf{V}$ of observable variables on a given…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Arnab Bhattacharyya , Sutanu Gayen , Saravanan Kandasamy , Vedant Raval , N. V. Vinodchandran

The paper reviews methods that seek to draw causal inference from observational data and demonstrates how they can be applied to empirical problems in engineering research. It presents a framework for causal identification based on the…

Applications · Statistics 2022-11-28 Daniel J Graham

This paper concerns the assessment of the effects of actions from a combination of nonexperimental data and causal assumptions encoded in the form of a directed acyclic graph in which some variables are presumed to be unobserved. We provide…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-07-19 Jin Tian

The long-standing identification problem for causal effects in graphical models has many partial results but lacks a systematic study. We show how computer algebra can be used to either prove that a causal effect can be identified,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2010-07-23 Luis David García-Puente , Sarah Spielvogel , Seth Sullivant

We define a Causal Decision Problem as a Decision Problem where the available actions, the family of uncertain events and the set of outcomes are related through the variables of a Causal Graphical Model $\mathcal{G}$. A solution criteria…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-02-07 M. Gonzalez-Soto , L. E. Sucar , H. J. Escalante

We prove the main rules of causal calculus (also called do-calculus) for i/o structural causal models (ioSCMs), a generalization of a recently proposed general class of non-/linear structural causal models that allow for cycles, latent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-31 Patrick Forré , Joris M. Mooij

Estimation of causal effects involves crucial assumptions about the data-generating process, such as directionality of effect, presence of instrumental variables or mediators, and whether all relevant confounders are observed. Violation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Amit Sharma , Vasilis Syrgkanis , Cheng Zhang , Emre Kıcıman

Causal inference seeks to estimate the effect of an intervention on an outcome using observed data, typically via Rubin's potential-outcome framework or Pearl's do-calculus. Following section 9 of Richardson and Robins (2013), this essay…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-19 Christian Bartels

In addition to efficient statistical estimators of a treatment's effect, successful application of causal inference requires specifying assumptions about the mechanisms underlying observed data and testing whether they are valid, and to…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-10 Amit Sharma , Emre Kiciman

Causal intervention is an essential tool in causal inference. It is axiomatized under the rules of do-calculus in the case of structure causal models. We provide simple axiomatizations for families of probability distributions to be…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-11-15 Kayvan Sadeghi , Terry Soo

Among Judea Pearl's many contributions to Causality and Statistics, the graphical d-separation} criterion, the do-calculus and the mediation formula stand out. In this chapter we show that d-separation} provides direct insight into an…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-31 Ilya Shpitser , Thomas S. Richardson , James M. Robins

The causalimages R package enables causal inference with image and image sequence data, providing new tools for integrating novel data sources like satellite and bio-medical imagery into the study of cause and effect. One set of functions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Connor T. Jerzak , Adel Daoud

Estimating causal queries, such as changes in protein abundance in response to a perturbation, is a fundamental task in the analysis of biomolecular pathways. The estimation requires experimental measurements on the pathway components.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Sara Mohammad-Taheri , Jeremy Zucker , Charles Tapley Hoyt , Karen Sachs , Vartika Tewari , Robert Ness , and Olga Vitek

Observational studies are often conducted to estimate causal effects of treatments or exposures on event-time outcomes. Since treatments are not randomized in observational studies, techniques from causal inference are required to adjust…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-23 Han Ji , Arman Oganisian

We study causal effect estimation in a setting where the data are not i.i.d. (independent and identically distributed). We focus on exchangeable data satisfying an assumption of independent causal mechanisms. Traditional causal effect…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-30 Siyuan Guo , Chi Zhang , Karthika Mohan , Ferenc Huszár , Bernhard Schölkopf

Causal identification is at the core of the causal inference literature, where complete algorithms have been proposed to identify causal queries of interest. The validity of these algorithms hinges on the restrictive assumption of having…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Sina Akbari , Fateme Jamshidi , Ehsan Mokhtarian , Matthew J. Vowels , Jalal Etesami , Negar Kiyavash

In this paper, we deal with the problem of estimating the intervention effect in the statistical causal analysis using the structural equation model and the causal diagram. The intervention effect is defined as a causal effect on the…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-01-17 Shunsuke Horii , Tota Suko

Researchers would often like to leverage data from a collection of sources (e.g., primary studies in a meta-analysis) to estimate causal effects in a target population of interest. However, traditional meta-analytic methods do not produce…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-15 Guanbo Wang , Sean McGrath , Yi Lian