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Many predictive tasks of web applications need to model categorical variables, such as user IDs and demographics like genders and occupations. To apply standard machine learning techniques, these categorical predictors are always converted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-18 Xiangnan He , Tat-Seng Chua

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction, a core task in recommendation systems, aims to estimate the probability of users clicking on items. Existing models predominantly follow a discriminative paradigm, which relies heavily on explicit…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Mingjia Yin , Junwei Pan , Hao Wang , Ximei Wang , Shangyu Zhang , Jie Jiang , Defu Lian , Enhong Chen

Click-through rate prediction is one of the core tasks in commercial recommender systems. It aims to predict the probability of a user clicking a particular item given user and item features. As feature interactions bring in non-linearity,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-25 Fuyuan Lyu , Xing Tang , Huifeng Guo , Ruiming Tang , Xiuqiang He , Rui Zhang , Xue Liu

Rich user behavior information is of great importance for capturing and understanding user interest in click-through rate (CTR) prediction. To improve the richness, collecting long-term behaviors becomes a typical approach in academy and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Xiaochen Li , Rui Zhong , Jian Liang , Xialong Liu , Yu Zhang

Click-through rate(CTR) prediction is a core task in cost-per-click(CPC) advertising systems and has been studied extensively by machine learning practitioners. While many existing methods have been successfully deployed in practice, most…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Ke Hu , Yi Qi , Jianqiang Huang , Jia Cheng , Jun Lei

Recently, Factorization Machines (FM) has become more and more popular for recommendation systems, due to its effectiveness in finding informative interactions between features. Usually, the weights for the interactions is learnt as a low…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-18 Longfei Li , Peilin Zhao , Jun Zhou , Xiaolong Li

In various web applications like targeted advertising and recommender systems, the available categorical features (e.g., product type) are often of great importance but sparse. As a widely adopted solution, models based on Factorization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Tong Chen , Hongzhi Yin , Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen , Wen-Chih Peng , Xue Li , Xiaofang Zhou

Matrix factorization (MF) is one of the most efficient methods for rating predictions. MF learns user and item representations by factorizing the user-item rating matrix. Further, textual contents are integrated to conventional MF to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-13 ThaiBinh Nguyen , Atsuhiro Takasu

We study the design of loss functions for click-through rates (CTR) to optimize (social) welfare in advertising auctions. Existing works either only focus on CTR predictions without consideration of business objectives (e.g., welfare) in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Boxiang Lyu , Zhe Feng , Zachary Robertson , Sanmi Koyejo

Effective feature interaction modeling is critical for enhancing the accuracy of click-through rate (CTR) prediction in industrial recommender systems. Most of the current deep CTR models resort to building complex network architectures to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Honghao Li , Qiuze Ru , Yiwen Zhang , Yi Zhang , Lei Sang , Yun Yang

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction plays an important role in online advertising platforms. Most existing methods use data from the advertising platform itself for CTR prediction. As user behaviors also exist on many other platforms, e.g.,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Wentao Ouyang , Rui Dong , Ri Tao , Xiangzheng Liu

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction is a critical task in online advertising systems. Models like Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are simple but stateless. They consider each target ad independently and cannot directly extract useful…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Wentao Ouyang , Xiuwu Zhang , Shukui Ren , Li Li , Zhaojie Liu , Yanlong Du

Factorization Machine (FM) is a widely used supervised learning approach by effectively modeling of feature interactions. Despite the successful application of FM and its many deep learning variants, treating every feature interaction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-28 Fuxing Hong , Dongbo Huang , Ge Chen

Learning feature interactions is crucial for click-through rate (CTR) prediction in recommender systems. In most existing deep learning models, feature interactions are either manually designed or simply enumerated. However, enumerating all…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-06 Bin Liu , Chenxu Zhu , Guilin Li , Weinan Zhang , Jincai Lai , Ruiming Tang , Xiuqiang He , Zhenguo Li , Yong Yu

We tackle the challenge of feature embedding for the purposes of improving the click-through rate prediction process. We select three models: logistic regression, factorization machines and deep factorization machines, as our baselines and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Samo Pahor , Davorin Kopič , Jure Demšar

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction has been an indispensable component for many industrial applications, such as recommendation systems and online advertising. CTR prediction systems are usually based on multi-field categorical features,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Wenqiang Chen , Lizhang Zhan , Yuanlong Ci , Minghua Yang , Chen Lin , Dugang Liu

Deep Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction models play an important role in modern industrial recommendation scenarios. However, high memory overhead and computational costs limit their deployment in resource-constrained environments.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Hao Yu , Minghao Fu , Jiandong Ding , Yusheng Zhou , Jianxin Wu

Recommendation systems have been extensively studied by many literature in the past and are ubiquitous in online advertisement, shopping industry/e-commerce, query suggestions in search engines, and friend recommendation in social networks.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Farzaneh Rajabi , Jack Siyuan He

Click-through rate (CTR) estimation plays as a core function module in various personalized online services, including online advertising, recommender systems, and web search etc. From 2015, the success of deep learning started to benefit…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Weinan Zhang , Jiarui Qin , Wei Guo , Ruiming Tang , Xiuqiang He

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction is a core task in nowadays commercial recommender systems. Feature crossing, as the mainline of research on CTR prediction, has shown a promising way to enhance predictive performance. Even though various…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Runlong Yu , Yuyang Ye , Qi Liu , Zihan Wang , Chunfeng Yang , Yucheng Hu , Enhong Chen