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Primordial black holes (PBHs) provide a compelling interpretation for the binary black holes (BBHs) observed by ground-based gravitational-wave (GW) detectors, especially for those BBHs in the theoretical mass gap. In the early Universe,…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-28 Yan-Chen Bi , Yu-Mei Wu , Qing-Guo Huang

We present the first search for gravitational waves from sub-solar mass compact-binary mergers which allows for non-negligible orbital eccentricity. Sub-solar mass black holes are a signature of primordial origin black holes, which may be a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-08-11 Alexander H. Nitz , Yi-Fan Wang

The radio galaxy 3C 66B has been hypothesized to host a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) at its center based on electromagnetic observations. Its apparent 1.05-year period and low redshift ($\sim0.02$) make it an interesting testbed…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-10-29 Gabriella Agazie , Zaven Arzoumanian , Paul T. Baker , Bence Bécsy , Laura Blecha , Harsha Blumer , Adam Brazier , Paul R. Brook , Sarah Burke-Spolaor , J. Andrew Casey-Clyde , Maria Charisi , Shami Chatterjee , Belinda D. Cheeseboro , Tyler Cohen , James M. Cordes , Neil J. Cornish , Fronefield Crawford , H. Thankful Cromartie , Megan E. DeCesar , Paul B. Demorest , Lankeswar Dey , Timothy Dolch , Justin A. Ellis , Robert D. Ferdman , Elizabeth C. Ferrara , William Fiore , Emmanuel Fonseca , Gabriel E. Freedman , Nate Garver-Daniels , Peter A. Gentile , Joseph Glaser , Deborah C. Good , Achamveedu Gopakumar , Kayhan Gültekin , Jeffrey S. Hazboun , Ross J. Jennings , Aaron D. Johnson , Megan L. Jones , Andrew R. Kaiser , David L. Kaplan , Luke Zoltan Kelley , Joey S. Key , Nima Laal , Michael T. Lam , William G. Lamb , T. Joseph W. Lazio , Natalia Lewandowska , Tingting Liu , Duncan R. Lorimer , Jing Luo , Ryan S. Lynch , Chung-Pei Ma , Dustin R. Madison , Alexander McEwen , James W. McKee , Maura A. McLaughlin , Patrick M. Meyers , Chiara M. F. Mingarelli , Andrea Mitridate , Cherry Ng , David J. Nice , Stella Koch Ocker , Ken D. Olum , Timothy T. Pennucci , Nihan S. Pol , Henri A. Radovan , Scott M. Ransom , Paul S. Ray , Joseph D. Romano , Shashwat C. Sardesai , Kai Schmitz , Xavier Siemens , Joseph Simon , Magdalena S. Siwek , Sophia V. Sosa Fiscella , Renée Spiewak , Ingrid H. Stairs , Daniel R. Stinebring , Kevin Stovall , Abhimanyu Susobhanan , Joseph K. Swiggum , Stephen R. Taylor , Jacob E. Turner , Caner Unal , Michele Vallisneri , Sarah J. Vigeland , Caitlin A. Witt , Olivia Young

Supermassive black holes are commonly found in the center of galaxies and evolve with their hosts. The supermassive binary black holes (SMBBH) are thus expected to exist in close galaxy pairs, however, none has been unequivocally detected.…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-07-15 Yi Feng , Di Li , Zheng Zheng , Chao-Wei Tsai

In the summer of 2023, the pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) announced a compelling evidence for the existence of a nanohertz stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB). Despite this breakthrough, however, several critical questions remain…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-16 Reginald Christian Bernardo , Kin-Wang Ng

Fermi LAT observations of gamma-ray pulsars can be used to build a pulsar timing array (PTA) experiment to search for gravitational wave (GW) signals at nanohertz frequencies. At those frequencies, the dominant signal is expected to be a…

Roughly every 2-10 minutes, a pair of stellar mass black holes merge somewhere in the Universe. A small fraction of these mergers are detected as individually resolvable gravitational-wave events by advanced detectors such as LIGO and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-04-25 Rory Smith , Eric Thrane

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) might detect gravitational waves (GWs) from massive black hole (MBH) binaries within this decade. The signal is expected to be an incoherent superposition of several nearly-monochromatic waves of different…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-11 Antoine Petiteau , Stanislav Babak , Alberto Sesana , Mariana de Araujo

We calculate the expected nHz--$\mu$Hz gravitational wave (GW) spectrum from coalescing Massive Black Hole (MBH) binaries resulting from mergers of their host galaxies. We consider detection of this spectrum by precision pulsar timing and a…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 Andrew H. Jaffe , Donald C. Backer

Context. The early phase of the coalescence of supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries from their host galaxies provides a guaranteed source of low-frequency (nHz-$\mu$Hz) gravitational wave (GW) radiation by pulsar timing observations.…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2012-03-28 Jinzhong Liu , Yu Zhang , Hailong Zhang , Yutao Sun , Na Wang

The NANOGrav Collaboration has recently announced evidence for nHz gravitational waves (GWs), in the form of a Hellings-Downs angular correlation in the common-spectrum process that had been observed previously by them and other Pulsar…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-01-15 John Ellis , Malcolm Fairbairn , Gert Hütsi , Juhan Raidal , Juan Urrutia , Ville Vaskonen , Hardi Veermäe

Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) formed in galaxy mergers are promising multi-messenger sources. They can be identified as quasars with periodic variability in electromagnetic (EM) time-domain surveys. The most massive of those…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-10-13 Maria Charisi , Stephen Taylor , Jessie Runnoe , Caitlin Witt , Polina Petrov

Primordial black holes (PBH), supposedly formed in the very early Universe, have been proposed as a possible viable dark matter candidate. In this work we characterize the expected gravitational wave (GW) losses from a population of PBHs…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-02-20 Stefano Bondani , Matteo Bonetti , Luca Broggi , Francesco Haardt , Alberto Sesana , Massimo Dotti

In the frequency band of Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), extensive research has been conducted on the impact of foreground confusion noise generated by galactic binaries within the Milky Way galaxy. Additionally, the recent…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-09-26 Fan Huang , Yan-Chen Bi , Zhoujian Cao , Qing-Guo Huang

Supermassive black hole binary systems (SMBHBs) are thought to emit the recently discovered nHz gravitational wave background; however, not a single individual nHz source has been confirmed to date. Long-term radio-monitoring at the Owens…

Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments have entered a new era with evidence for a nanoHertz gravitational wave background (GWB). This review describes the physics of detection, detailing the noise models and cross-correlation techniques…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-01 C. M. F. Mingarelli , J. A. Casey-Clyde , Y. T. Chang , E. Eisenberg , F. Hutchison , N. Khusid , B. Larsen , A. Moran , F. Semenzato , L. Willson , Q. Zheng

Massive stellar origin black hole binaries (SBHBs), originating from stars above the pair-instability mass gap, are primary candidates for multiband gravitational wave (GW) observations. Here we study the possibility to use them as…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-02-16 Niccolò Muttoni , Alberto Mangiagli , Alberto Sesana , Danny Laghi , Walter Del Pozzo , David Izquierdo-Villalba , Mattia Rosati

Binary black-hole systems with spins aligned or anti-aligned to the orbital angular momentum provide the natural ground to start detailed studies of the influence of strong-field spin effects on gravitational wave observations of coalescing…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-01-09 Christian Reisswig , Sascha Husa , Luciano Rezzolla , Ernst Nils Dorband , Denis Pollney , Jennifer Seiler

A compact binary in an eccentric orbit radiates gravitational waves (GWs) at all integer harmonics of its orbital frequency. In this study, we investigate the effect of orbital eccentricity on the expected gravitational background radiation…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Motohiro Enoki , Masahiro Nagashima

Pulsar timing measurements can be used to detect gravitational radiation from massive black hole binaries. The ~106d quasi-periodic flux variations in Sagittarius A* at radio wavelengths reported by Zhao, Bower, & Goss (2001) may be due to…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-06 Andrea N. Lommen , Donald C. Backer
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