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Knowledge tracing (KT) is a crucial task in computer-aided education and intelligent tutoring systems, predicting students' performance on new questions from their responses to prior ones. An accurate KT model can capture a student's…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Jiajun Cui , Hong Qian , Chanjin Zheng , Lu Wang , Mo Yu , Wei Zhang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a fundamental component of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), enabling the modeling of students' knowledge states to predict future performance. The introduction of Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), the first deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yiyun Zhou , Wenkang Han , Jingyuan Chen

Knowledge Tracing (KT) involves monitoring the changes in a student's knowledge over time by analyzing their past responses, with the goal of predicting future performance. However, most existing methods primarily focus on feature…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Lixiang Xu , Xianwei Ding , Xin Yuan , Richang Hong , Feiping Nie , Enhong Chen , Philip S. Yu

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a task of tracing evolving knowledge state of students with respect to one or more concepts as they engage in a sequence of learning activities. One important purpose of KT is to personalize the practice sequence…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-02-20 Jiani Zhang , Xingjian Shi , Irwin King , Dit-Yan Yeung

KnowledgeTracing (KT) involves predicting students' knowledge states based on their interactions with Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS). A key challenge is the cold start problem, accurately predicting knowledge for new students with…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Indronil Bhattacharjee , Christabel Wayllace

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a crucial task in intelligent education, focusing on predicting students' performance on given questions to trace their evolving knowledge. The advancement of deep learning in this field has led to deep-learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Jiajun Cui , Hong Qian , Bo Jiang , Wei Zhang

In Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), tracing the student's knowledge state during learning has been studied for several decades in order to provide more supportive learning instructions. In this paper, we propose a novel model for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Sein Minn , Yi Yu , Michel C. Desmarais , Feida Zhu , Jill Jenn Vie

Knowledge tracing (KT) is the problem of predicting students' future performance based on their historical interactions with intelligent tutoring systems. Recent studies have applied multiple types of deep neural networks to solve the KT…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Zitao Liu , Qiongqiong Liu , Jiahao Chen , Shuyan Huang , Boyu Gao , Weiqi Luo , Jian Weng

Can machines trace human knowledge like humans? Knowledge tracing (KT) is a fundamental task in a wide range of applications in education, such as massive open online courses (MOOCs), intelligent tutoring systems, educational games, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Ghodai Abdelrahman , Qing Wang

Knowledge tracing (KT) serves as a primary part of intelligent education systems. Most current KTs either rely on expert judgments or only exploit a single network structure, which affects the full expression of learning features. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Liting Lyu , Zhifeng Wang , Haihong Yun , Zexue Yang , Ya Li

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical technique for modeling student knowledge to support personalized learning. However, most KT systems focus on binary correctness prediction and cannot diagnose the underlying conceptual misunderstandings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yu-Chen Kang , Yu-Chien Tang , An-Zi Yen

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a crucial technique to predict students' future performance by observing their historical learning processes. Due to the powerful representation ability of deep neural networks, remarkable progress has been made by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Jiahao Chen , Zitao Liu , Shuyan Huang , Qiongqiong Liu , Weiqi Luo

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to dynamically model a student's mastery of knowledge concepts based on their historical learning interactions. Most current methods rely on single-point estimates, which cannot distinguish true ability from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Zhifei Li , Lifan Chen , Jiali Yi , Xiaoju Hou , Yue Zhao , Wenxin Huang , Miao Zhang , Kui Xiao , Bing Yang

Knowledge Tracing aims to assess student learning states by predicting their performance in answering questions. Different from the existing research which utilizes fixed-length learning sequence to obtain the student states and regards KT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Ke Cheng , Linzhi Peng , Pengyang Wang , Junchen Ye , Leilei Sun , Bowen Du

Personalized adaptive learning (PAL) stands out by closely monitoring individual students' progress and tailoring their learning paths to their unique knowledge and needs. A crucial technique for effective PAL implementation is knowledge…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Ming-Mu Kuo , Xiangfang Li , Lijun Qian , Pamela Obiomon , Xishuang Dong

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to estimate a student's evolving knowledge state and predict their performance on new exercises based on performance history. Many realistic classroom settings for KT are typically low-resource in data and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Xinyi Gao , Qiucheng Wu , Yang Zhang , Xuechen Liu , Kaizhi Qian , Ying Xu , Shiyu Chang

Recent student knowledge modeling algorithms such as Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT) and Dynamic Key-Value Memory Networks (DKVMN) have been shown to produce accurate predictions of problem correctness within the same learning system. However,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-09-02 Richard Scruggs , Ryan S. Baker , Bruce M. McLaren

Knowledge Tracing (KT) plays a central role in assessing students skill mastery and predicting their future performance. While deep learning based KT models achieve superior predictive accuracy compared to traditional methods, their…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Sein Minn , Roger Nkambou

Knowledge tracing---where a machine models the knowledge of a student as they interact with coursework---is a well established problem in computer supported education. Though effectively modeling student knowledge would have high…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-06-22 Chris Piech , Jonathan Spencer , Jonathan Huang , Surya Ganguli , Mehran Sahami , Leonidas Guibas , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein

Inverse problems are inherently ill-posed, suffering from non-uniqueness and instability. Classical regularization methods provide mathematically well-founded solutions, ensuring stability and convergence, but often at the cost of reduced…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-01-21 Markus Haltmeier , Gyeongha Hwang