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With improved gate calibrations reducing unitary errors, we achieve a benchmarked single-qubit gate fidelity of 99.95% with superconducting qubits in a circuit quantum electrodynamics system. We present a method for distinguishing between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-13 Sarah Sheldon , Lev S. Bishop , Easwar Magesan , Stefan Filipp , Jerry M. Chow , Jay M. Gambetta

We demonstrate a new technique that adapts single-qubit randomized benchmarking to two-qubit M{\o}lmer-S{\o}rensen gates. We use the controllable gate phase to generate Cliffords that act on a two-state subspace, enabling benchmarking of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-13 R. T. Sutherland , A. C. Hughes , J. P. Marceaux , H. M. Knaack , C. M. Löschnauer , R. Srinivas

Randomized benchmarking is a promising tool for characterizing the noise in experimental implementations of quantum systems. In this paper, we prove that the estimates produced by randomized benchmarking (both standard and interleaved) for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-18 Joel J. Wallman , Steven T. Flammia

Randomized benchmarking has emerged as a popular and easy-to-implement experimental technique for gauging the quality of gate operations in quantum computing devices. A typical randomized benchmarking procedure identifies the exponential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-24 Jiaan Qi , Hui Khoon Ng

Randomized benchmarking techniques have been an essential tool for assessing the performance of contemporary quantum devices. The goal of this tutorial is to provide a pedagogical, self-contained, introduction to randomized benchmarking.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-23 Ana Silva , Eliska Greplova

As quantum technology matures, the efficient benchmarking of quantum devices remains a key challenge. Although sample-efficient, information-theoretic benchmarking techniques have recently been proposed, there is still a gap in adapting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-22 Ana Silva , Eliska Greplova

The performance of quantum gates is often assessed using some form of randomized benchmarking. However, the existing methods become infeasible for more than approximately five qubits. Here we show how to use a simple and customizable class…

Randomized benchmarking (RB) is the gold standard for experimentally evaluating the quality of quantum operations. The current framework for RB is centered on groups and their representations, but this can be problematic. For example,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-22 Jianxin Chen , Dawei Ding , Cupjin Huang

In randomized benchmarking of quantum logical gates, partial twirling can be used for simpler implementation, better scaling, and higher accuracy and reliability. For instance, for two-qubit gates, single-qubit twirling is easier to realize…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-22 Kirill Dubovitskii , Yuriy Makhlin

Randomized benchmarking is a useful scheme for evaluation the average fidelity of a noisy quantum circuit. However, it is insensitive to the unitary error. Here, we propose a method of randomized benchmarking in which a unitary t-design is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-13 Linxi Zhang , Chuanghua Zhu , Changxing Pei

Recently, there has been an emergence of useful applications for noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices notably, though not exclusively, in the fields of quantum machine learning and variational quantum algorithms. In such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-26 Ellen Derbyshire , Rawad Mezher , Theodoros Kapourniotis , Elham Kashefi

Leakage errors are unwanted transfer of population outside of a defined computational subspace and they occur in almost every platform for quantum computing. While prevalent, leakage is often overlooked when measuring and reporting the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-20 Yi-Hsiang Chen , Charles H. Baldwin

We characterize control of a qutrit implemented in the lowest three energy levels of a capacitively-shunted flux-biased superconducting circuit. Randomized benchmarking over the qutrit Clifford group yields an average fidelity of 98.89…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-28 M. Kononenko , M. A. Yurtalan , S. Ren , J. Shi , S. Ashhab , A. Lupascu

Quantum information processing offers promising advances for a wide range of fields and applications, provided that we can efficiently assess the performance of the control applied in candidate systems. That is, we must be able to determine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-01-26 Christopher Granade , Christopher Ferrie , D. G. Cory

Characterizing the noise in the set of gate operations that form the building blocks of a quantum computational device is a necessity for assessing the quality of the device. Here, we introduce randomized linear gate set tomography, an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-25 Yanwu Gu , Rajesh Mishra , Berthold-Georg Englert , Hui Khoon Ng

Quantum gates in experiment are inherently prone to errors that need to be characterized before they can be corrected. Full characterization via quantum process tomography is impractical and often unnecessary. For most practical purposes,…

We describe a practical experimental protocol for robustly characterizing the error rates of non-Clifford gates associated with dihedral groups, including gates in SU(2) associated with arbitrarily small angle rotations. Our dihedral…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-14 Arnaud Carignan-Dugas , Joel J. Wallman , Joseph Emerson

Randomized benchmarking (RB) protocols have become an essential tool for providing a meaningful partial characterization of experimental quantum operations. While the RB decay rate is known to enable estimates of the average fidelity of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-11 Arnaud Carignan-Dugas , Kristine Boone , Joel J. Wallman , Joseph Emerson

Randomized benchmarking (RB) is a popular procedure used to gauge the performance of a set of gates useful for quantum information processing (QIP). Recently, Proctor et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 130502 (2017)] demonstrated a practically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-04 Jiaan Qi , Hui Khoon Ng

As quantum devices progress towards a quantum advantage regime, they become harder to benchmark. A particularly relevant challenge is to assess the quality of the whole computation, beyond testing the performance of each single operation.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Flavio Baccari , Pavel Kos , Georgios Styliaris