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A common practice in building NLP datasets, especially using crowd-sourced annotations, involves obtaining multiple annotator judgements on the same data instances, which are then flattened to produce a single "ground truth" label or score,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Aida Mostafazadeh Davani , Mark Díaz

Recent research in the field of computer vision strongly focuses on deep learning architectures to tackle image processing problems. Deep neural networks are often considered in complex image processing scenarios since traditional computer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Marcel P. Schilling , Luca Rettenberger , Friedrich Münke , Haijun Cui , Anna A. Popova , Pavel A. Levkin , Ralf Mikut , Markus Reischl

Despite growing interest in using large language models (LLMs) to automate annotation, their effectiveness in complex, nuanced, and multi-dimensional labelling tasks remains relatively underexplored. This study focuses on annotation for the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Leila Tavakoli , Hamed Zamani

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly positioned as scalable tools for annotating educational data, including classroom discourse, interaction logs, and qualitative learning artifacts. Their ability to rapidly summarize…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Bakhtawar Ahtisham , Kirk Vanacore , Rene F. Kizilcec

Many machine learning systems today are trained on large amounts of human-annotated data. Data annotation tasks that require a high level of competency make data acquisition expensive, while the resulting labels are often subjective,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-08 Emmanouil Antonios Platanios , Maruan Al-Shedivat , Eric Xing , Tom Mitchell

Many annotation tasks in natural language processing are highly subjective in that there can be different valid and justified perspectives on what is a proper label for a given example. This also applies to the judgment of argument quality,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Philipp Heinisch , Matthias Orlikowski , Julia Romberg , Philipp Cimiano

Traditional image annotation tasks rely heavily on human effort for object selection and label assignment, making the process time-consuming and prone to decreased efficiency as annotators experience fatigue after extensive work. This paper…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 He Zhang , Xinyi Fu , John M. Carroll

Annotating large datasets can be challenging. However, crowd-sourcing is often expensive and can lack quality, especially for non-trivial tasks. We propose a method of using LLMs as few-shot learners for annotating data in a complex natural…

Albeit the implicit feedback based recommendation problem - when only the user history is available but there are no ratings - is the most typical setting in real-world applications, it is much less researched than the explicit feedback…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-10-01 Balázs Hidasi , Domonkos Tikk

Supervised classification algorithms are used to solve a growing number of real-life problems around the globe. Their performance is strictly connected with the quality of labels used in training. Unfortunately, acquiring good-quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Daniel Kałuża , Andrzej Janusz , Dominik Ślęzak

Even though data annotation is extremely important for interpretability, research and development of artificial intelligence solutions, most research efforts such as active learning or few-shot learning focus on the sample efficiency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Franco Marchesoni-Acland , Jean-Michel Morel , Josselin Kherroubi , Gabriele Facciolo

In this work, we explore the constructive side of online reviews: advice, tips, requests, and suggestions that users provide about goods, venues, services, and other items of interest. To reduce training costs and annotation efforts needed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Anton Alekseev , Elena Tutubalina , Sejeong Kwon , Sergey Nikolenko

Active Learning (AL) addresses the high costs of collecting human annotations by strategically annotating the most informative samples. However, for subjective NLP tasks, incorporating a wide range of perspectives in the annotation process…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Michiel van der Meer , Neele Falk , Pradeep K. Murukannaiah , Enrico Liscio

Collecting human judgements is currently the most reliable evaluation method for natural language generation systems. Automatic metrics have reported flaws when applied to measure quality aspects of generated text and have been shown to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Thórhildur Thorleiksdóttir , Cedric Renggli , Nora Hollenstein , Ce Zhang

Human annotations are vital to supervised learning, yet annotators often disagree on the correct label, especially as annotation tasks increase in complexity. A strategy to improve label quality is to ask multiple annotators to label the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Alexander Braylan , Madalyn Marabella , Omar Alonso , Matthew Lease

Human-performed annotation of sentences in legal documents is an important prerequisite to many machine learning based systems supporting legal tasks. Typically, the annotation is done sequentially, sentence by sentence, which is often time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Hannes Westermann , Jaromir Savelka , Vern R. Walker , Kevin D. Ashley , Karim Benyekhlef

Federated learning (FL) has been intensively investigated in terms of communication efficiency, privacy, and fairness. However, efficient annotation, which is a pain point in real-world FL applications, is less studied. In this project, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Jin-Hyun Ahn , Kyungsang Kim , Jeongwan Koh , Quanzheng Li

Learned object detection methods based on fusion of LiDAR and camera data require labeled training samples, but niche applications, such as warehouse robotics or automated infrastructure, require semantic classes not available in large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Ryan Rubel , Andrew Dudash , Mohammad Goli , James O'Hara , Karl Wunderlich

Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences becomes a key component to obtaining state-of-the-art performance, but it yields a huge cost to construct a large human-annotated preference dataset. To tackle this problem, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Dongyoung Kim , Kimin Lee , Jinwoo Shin , Jaehyung Kim

Labeling visual data is expensive and time-consuming. Crowdsourcing systems promise to enable highly parallelizable annotations through the participation of monetarily or otherwise motivated workers, but even this approach has its limits.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Christopher Klugmann , Rafid Mahmood , Guruprasad Hegde , Amit Kale , Daniel Kondermann