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In order to achieve error rates necessary for advantageous quantum algorithms, Quantum Error Correction (QEC) will need to be employed, improving logical qubit fidelity beyond what can be achieved physically. As today's devices begin to…

Given a quantum gate circuit, how does one execute it in a fault-tolerant architecture with as little overhead as possible? In this paper, we discuss strategies for surface-code quantum computing on small, intermediate and large scales.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-07 Daniel Litinski

Quantum error correction (QEC) plays a crucial role in correcting noise and paving the way for fault-tolerant quantum computing. This field has seen significant advancements, with new quantum error correction codes emerging regularly to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-18 Avimita Chatterjee , Subrata Das , Swaroop Ghosh

Quantum error correction is needed for quantum computers to be capable of fault-tolerantly executing algorithms using hundreds of logical qubits. Recent experiments have demonstrated subthreshold error rates for state preservation of a…

Facilitating the ability to achieve logical qubit error rates below physical qubit error rates, error correction is anticipated to play an important role in scaling quantum computers. While many algorithms require millions of physical…

Fault-tolerant quantum computation demands significant resources: large numbers of physical qubits must be checked for errors repeatedly to protect quantum data as logic gates are implemented in the presence of noise. We demonstrate that an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-23 Felix Thomsen , Markus S. Kesselring , Stephen D. Bartlett , Benjamin J. Brown

Fault-tolerant (FT) computation by using quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for realizing large-scale quantum algorithms. Devices are expected to have enough qubits to demonstrate aspects of fault tolerance in the near future.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-24 Lingling Lao , Carmen G. Almudever

Quantum computers show promise to solve select problems otherwise intractable on classical computers. However, noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era devices are currently prone to various sources of error. Quantum error correction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Maxwell Poster , Sayam Sethi , Jonathan Baker

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is essential for future quantum computers due to its ability to exponentially suppress physical errors. The surface code is a leading error-correcting code candidate because of its local topological structure,…

Due to the high error rate of a qubit, detecting and correcting errors on it is essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). Among several FTQC techniques, lattice surgery (LS) using surface code (SC) is currently promising. To…

In recent years, surface codes have become a leading method for quantum error correction in theoretical large scale computational and communications architecture designs. Their comparatively high fault-tolerant thresholds and their natural…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-21 Dominic Horsman , Austin G. Fowler , Simon Devitt , Rodney Van Meter

In this paper, we explore the relationship between the width of a qubit lattice constrained in one dimension and physical thresholds for scalable, fault-tolerant quantum computation. To circumvent the traditionally low thresholds of small…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-15 Alexis T. E. Shaw , Michael J. Bremner , Alexandru Paler , Daniel Herr , Simon J. Devitt

Practical quantum advantage is expected to depend on fault-tolerant quantum computing, although the architectural overhead needed to support fault tolerance is still extremely high. Prior FTQC designs generally emphasize either fast…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-24 Archisman Ghosh , Avimita Chatterjee , Swaroop Ghosh

Topological quantum error correction is a milestone in the scaling roadmap of quantum computers, which targets circuits with trillions of gates that would allow running quantum algorithms for real-world problems. The square-lattice surface…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-12 César Benito , Esperanza López , Borja Peropadre , Alejandro Bermudez

As the leading candidate of quantum error correction codes, surface code suffers from significant overhead, such as execution time. Reducing the circuit's execution time not only enhances its execution efficiency but also improves fidelity.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-27 Mingzheng Zhu , Hao Fu , Jun Wu , Chi Zhang , Wei Xie , Xiang-Yang Li

Practical applications of quantum computing depend on fault-tolerant devices that employ error correction. A promising quantum error-correcting code for large-scale quantum computing is the surface code. For this code, Fault-Tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-21 Theodoros Trochatos , Christopher Kang , Andrew Wang , Frederic T. Chong , Jakub Szefer

Current quantum processors are fragile, noisy and fairly limited in both quantity and quality with tens of qubits and physical error rates of around 10^-3. To realize practical quantum applications, however, error rates need to be below…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Hany Ali

Quantum computing (QC) is at the cusp of a revolution. Machines with 100 quantum bits (qubits) are anticipated to be operational by 2020 [googlemachine,gambetta2015building], and several-hundred-qubit machines are around the corner.…

Quantum error correction is necessary for large-scale quantum computing. A promising quantum error correcting code is the surface code. For this code, fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) can be performed via lattice surgery, i.e.,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-04 Daniel Bochen Tan , Murphy Yuezhen Niu , Craig Gidney

Topological error correction codes are promising candidates to protect quantum computations from the deteriorating effects of noise. While some codes provide high noise thresholds suitable for robust quantum memories, others allow…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-07 Hendrik Poulsen Nautrup , Nicolai Friis , Hans J. Briegel
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