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We have seen great progress in basic perceptual tasks such as object recognition and detection. However, AI models still fail to match humans in high-level vision tasks due to the lack of capacities for deeper reasoning. Recently the new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-04-12 Yuke Zhu , Oliver Groth , Michael Bernstein , Li Fei-Fei

The spatial reasoning task aims to reason about the spatial relationships in 2D and 3D space, which is a fundamental capability for Visual Question Answering (VQA) and robotics. Although vision language models (VLMs) have developed rapidly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xun Liang , Xin Guo , Zhongming Jin , Weihang Pan , Penghui Shang , Deng Cai , Binbin Lin , Jieping Ye

Visual Question Answering (VQA) models have achieved significant success in recent times. Despite the success of VQA models, they are mostly black-box models providing no reasoning about the predicted answer, thus raising questions for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Nihar Bendre , Kevin Desai , Peyman Najafirad

Though recent advances in vision-language models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable progress across a wide range of multimodal tasks, understanding 3D spatial relationships from limited views remains a significant challenge. Previous reasoning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Zhangquan Chen , Manyuan Zhang , Xinlei Yu , Xufang Luo , Mingze Sun , Zihao Pan , Xiang An , Yan Feng , Peng Pei , Xunliang Cai , Ruqi Huang

In this paper, we present a deep learning-based framework for solving geometric construction problems through visual reasoning, which is useful for automated geometry theorem proving. Constructible problems in geometry often ask for the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Man Fai Wong , Xintong Qi , Chee Wei Tan

Cross-view spatial reasoning remains a weak spot for vision-language models (VLMs): they often reason in language and lose the fine-grained geometry needed for the task. Thinking with images aims to address this by generating an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Qian Yang , Ankur Sikarwar , Huy Le , Le Zhang , Zhuan Shi , Perouz Taslakian , Aishwarya Agrawal

This paper studies the task of Visual Question Answering (VQA), which is topical in Multimedia community recently. Particularly, we explore two critical research problems existed in VQA: (1) efficiently fusing the visual and textual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-07 Yanze Wu , Qiang Sun , Jianqi Ma , Bin Li , Yanwei Fu , Yao Peng , Xiangyang Xue

The ability to understand and reason about spatial relationships between objects in images is an important component of visual reasoning. This skill rests on the ability to recognize and localize objects of interest and determine their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Navid Rajabi , Jana Kosecka

The Visual Question Answering (VQA) task combines challenges for processing data with both Visual and Linguistic processing, to answer basic `common sense' questions about given images. Given an image and a question in natural language, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-24 Yash Srivastava , Vaishnav Murali , Shiv Ram Dubey , Snehasis Mukherjee

We develop ImageNet-Think, a multimodal reasoning dataset designed to aid the development of Vision Language Models (VLMs) with explicit reasoning capabilities. Our dataset is built on 250,000 images from ImageNet21k dataset, providing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Krishna Teja Chitty-Venkata , Murali Emani

Humans possess the visual-spatial intelligence to remember spaces from sequential visual observations. However, can Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) trained on million-scale video datasets also ``think in space'' from videos? We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Jihan Yang , Shusheng Yang , Anjali W. Gupta , Rilyn Han , Li Fei-Fei , Saining Xie

Multimodal Small-to-Medium sized Language Models (MSLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in integrating visual and textual information but still face significant limitations in visual comprehension and mathematical reasoning,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Ashutosh Bajpai , Akshat Bhandari , Akshay Nambi , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Understanding and reasoning about spatial relationships is a fundamental capability for Visual Question Answering (VQA) and robotics. While Vision Language Models (VLM) have demonstrated remarkable performance in certain VQA benchmarks,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Boyuan Chen , Zhuo Xu , Sean Kirmani , Brian Ichter , Danny Driess , Pete Florence , Dorsa Sadigh , Leonidas Guibas , Fei Xia

Spatial intelligence, which refers to the ability to reason about geometric and physical structure from visual observations, remains a core challenge for multimodal large language models. Despite promising performance, recent multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yian Li , Yang Jiao , Bin Zhu , Tianwen Qian , Shaoxiang Chen , Jingjing Chen , Yu-Gang Jiang

We marry two powerful ideas: deep representation learning for visual recognition and language understanding, and symbolic program execution for reasoning. Our neural-symbolic visual question answering (NS-VQA) system first recovers a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-16 Kexin Yi , Jiajun Wu , Chuang Gan , Antonio Torralba , Pushmeet Kohli , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

Vision-language models (VLMs) have advanced multimodal reasoning but still face challenges in spatial reasoning for 3D scenes and complex object configurations. To address this, we introduce SpatialViLT, an enhanced VLM that integrates…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chashi Mahiul Islam , Oteo Mamo , Samuel Jacob Chacko , Xiuwen Liu , Weikuan Yu

While language reasoning models excel in many tasks, visual reasoning remains challenging for current large multimodal models (LMMs). As a result, most LMMs default to verbalizing perceptual content into text, a strong limitation for tasks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-27 André G. Viveiros , Nuno Gonçalves , Matthias Lindemann , André Martins

Recognizing precise geometrical configurations of groups of objects is a key capability of human spatial cognition, yet little studied in the deep learning literature so far. In particular, a fundamental problem is how a machine can learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Laetitia Teodorescu , Katja Hofmann , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer

Many vision and language tasks require commonsense reasoning beyond data-driven image and natural language processing. Here we adopt Visual Question Answering (VQA) as an example task, where a system is expected to answer a question in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-26 Somak Aditya , Yezhou Yang , Chitta Baral

Spatial reasoning -- the ability to perceive and reason about relationships in space -- advances vision-language models (VLMs) from visual perception toward spatial semantic understanding. Existing approaches either revisit local image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Weijian Ma , Shizhao Sun , Tianyu Yu , Ruiyu Wang , Tat-Seng Chua , Jiang Bian