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Attention based neural networks are state of the art in a large range of applications. However, their performance tends to degrade when the number of layers increases. In this work, we show that enforcing Lipschitz continuity by normalizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-14 George Dasoulas , Kevin Scaman , Aladin Virmaux

We present a theoretical and experimental investigation of the quantization problem for artificial neural networks. We provide a mathematical definition of quantized neural networks and analyze their approximation capabilities, showing in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-29 Matteo Spallanzani , Lukas Cavigelli , Gian Paolo Leonardi , Marko Bertogna , Luca Benini

We initiate the study of the inherent tradeoffs between the size of a neural network and its robustness, as measured by its Lipschitz constant. We make a precise conjecture that, for any Lipschitz activation function and for most datasets,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-26 Sébastien Bubeck , Yuanzhi Li , Dheeraj Nagaraj

In this work, we propose a dissipativity-based method for Lipschitz constant estimation of 1D convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In particular, we analyze the dissipativity properties of convolutional, pooling, and fully connected layers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Patricia Pauli , Dennis Gramlich , Frank Allgöwer

Attention is a powerful component of modern neural networks across a wide variety of domains. In this paper, we seek to quantify the regularity (i.e. the amount of smoothness) of the attention operation. To accomplish this goal, we propose…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-11 James Vuckovic , Aristide Baratin , Remi Tachet des Combes

Lipschitz-constrained neural networks have several advantages over unconstrained ones and can be applied to a variety of problems, making them a topic of attention in the deep learning community. Unfortunately, it has been shown both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Stanislas Ducotterd , Alexis Goujon , Pakshal Bohra , Dimitris Perdios , Sebastian Neumayer , Michael Unser

Lipschitz constant is a fundamental property in certified robustness, as smaller values imply robustness to adversarial examples when a model is confident in its prediction. However, identifying the worst-case adversarial examples is known…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yongjin Han , Suhyun Kim

Obtaining sharp Lipschitz constants for feed-forward neural networks is essential to assess their robustness in the face of perturbations of their inputs. We derive such constants in the context of a general layered network model involving…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-06-23 Patrick L. Combettes , Jean-Christophe Pesquet

Existing bounds on the generalization error of deep networks assume some form of smooth or bounded dependence on the input variable, falling short of investigating the mechanisms controlling such factors in practice. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Matteo Gamba , Hossein Azizpour , Mårten Björkman

High sensitivity of neural networks against malicious perturbations on inputs causes security concerns. To take a steady step towards robust classifiers, we aim to create neural network models provably defended from perturbations. Prior…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-11-02 Yusuke Tsuzuku , Issei Sato , Masashi Sugiyama

Iterative algorithms solve problems by taking steps until a solution is reached. Models in the form of Deep Thinking (DT) networks have been demonstrated to learn iterative algorithms in a way that can scale to different sized problems at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Jay Bear , Adam Prügel-Bennett , Jonathon Hare

The Lipschitz constant of a neural network is connected to several important properties of the network such as its robustness and generalization. It is thus useful in many settings to estimate the Lipschitz constant of a model. Prior work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Giannis Nikolentzos , Konstantinos Skianis

Lipschitz constrained networks have gathered considerable attention in the deep learning community, with usages ranging from Wasserstein distance estimation to the training of certifiably robust classifiers. However they remain commonly…

Lipschitz constants of neural networks have been explored in various contexts in deep learning, such as provable adversarial robustness, estimating Wasserstein distance, stabilising training of GANs, and formulating invertible neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-10 Hyunjik Kim , George Papamakarios , Andriy Mnih

This paper is concerned with the computation of the local Lipschitz constant of feedforward neural networks (FNNs) with activation functions being rectified linear units (ReLUs). The local Lipschitz constant of an FNN for a target input is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-09 Yoshio Ebihara , Xin Dai , Victor Magron , Dimitri Peaucelle , Sophie Tarbouriech

Robust risk minimisation has several advantages: it has been studied with regards to improving the generalisation properties of models and robustness to adversarial perturbation. We bound the distributionally robust risk for a model class…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-09-06 Zac Cranko , Simon Kornblith , Zhan Shi , Richard Nock

We establish the fundamental limits in the approximation of Lipschitz functions by deep ReLU neural networks with finite-precision weights. Specifically, three regimes, namely under-, over-, and proper quantization, in terms of minimax…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-06 Weigutian Ou , Philipp Schenkel , Helmut Bölcskei

Despite the promise of Lipschitz-based methods for provably-robust deep learning with deterministic guarantees, current state-of-the-art results are limited to feed-forward Convolutional Networks (ConvNets) on low-dimensional data, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Kai Hu , Andy Zou , Zifan Wang , Klas Leino , Matt Fredrikson

Verifying the robustness property of a general Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) network is an NP-complete problem [Katz, Barrett, Dill, Julian and Kochenderfer CAV17]. Although finding the exact minimum adversarial distortion is hard, giving a…

Deep neural networks and Vision Transformers achieve state-of-the-art performance in computer vision but are highly vulnerable to adversarial perturbations. Standard defenses often incur high computational cost or lack formal guarantees. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Laith Nayal , Mahmoud Mousatat , Bader Rasheed