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Reinforcement learning (RL) is central to improving reasoning in large language models (LLMs) but typically requires ground-truth rewards. Test-Time Reinforcement Learning (TTRL) removes this need by using majority-vote rewards, but relies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Aleksei Arzhantsev , Otmane Sakhi , Flavian Vasile

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents performing complex tasks must be able to remember observations and actions across sizable time intervals. This is especially true during the initial learning stages, when exploratory behaviour can increase…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-15 Thomas Stepleton , Razvan Pascanu , Will Dabney , Siddhant M. Jayakumar , Hubert Soyer , Remi Munos

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are powerful sequence modeling tools. However, when dealing with high dimensional inputs, the training of RNNs becomes computational expensive due to the large number of model parameters. This hinders RNNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-23 Jinmian Ye , Linnan Wang , Guangxi Li , Di Chen , Shandian Zhe , Xinqi Chu , Zenglin Xu

The distributional reinforcement learning (RL) approach advocates for representing the complete probability distribution of the random return instead of only modelling its expectation. A distributional RL algorithm may be characterised by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-20 Thibaut Théate , Antoine Wehenkel , Adrien Bolland , Gilles Louppe , Damien Ernst

During inference, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) scale constant in both FLOPs and GPU memory with increasing context length, as they compress all prior tokens into a fixed-size memory. In contrast, transformers scale linearly in FLOPs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Francois Chaubard , Mykel Kochenderfer

With the growth of Renewable Energy (RE) generation, the operation of power grids has become increasingly complex. One solution could be automated grid operation, where Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has repeatedly shown significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Malte Lehna , Clara Holzhüter , Sven Tomforde , Christoph Scholz

The success of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) has been demonstrated in many applications related to turbulence, including flow control, optimization, turbulent features reproduction as well as turbulence prediction and modeling. With this…

Kernel-based reinforcement learning (KBRL) stands out among reinforcement learning algorithms for its strong theoretical guarantees. By casting the learning problem as a local kernel approximation, KBRL provides a way of computing a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-07-22 André M. S. Barreto , Doina Precup , Joelle Pineau

Accurate traffic flow forecasting is a crucial research topic in transportation management. However, it is a challenging problem due to rapidly changing traffic conditions, high nonlinearity of traffic flow, and complex spatial and temporal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Sanghyun Lee , Chanyoung Park

Continuous-time reinforcement learning (CTRL) provides a principled framework for sequential decision-making in environments where interactions evolve continuously over time. Despite its empirical success, the theoretical understanding of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Runze Zhao , Yue Yu , Adams Yiyue Zhu , Chen Yang , Dongruo Zhou

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) incur substantial inference costs due to the processing of a vast number of visual tokens. Existing methods typically struggle to model progressive visual token reduction as a multi-step decision process…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Sihan Cao , Jianwei Zhang , Pengcheng Zheng , Jiaxin Yan , Caiyan Qin , Yalan Ye , Wei Dong , Peng Wang , Yang Yang , Chaoning Zhang

In Reinforcement Learning (RL), an agent acts in an unknown environment to maximize the expected cumulative discounted sum of an external reward signal, i.e., the expected return. In practice, in many tasks of interest, such as policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Riccardo Poiani , Alberto Maria Metelli , Marcello Restelli

$Q$-learning with function approximation is one of the most empirically successful while theoretically mysterious reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms, and was identified in Sutton (1999) as one of the most important theoretical open…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Zaiwei Chen , John Paul Clarke , Siva Theja Maguluri

Scaling deep neural networks (NN) of reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms has been shown to enhance performance when feature extraction networks are used but the gained performance comes at the significant expense of increased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Valentin Frank Ingmar Guenter , Athanasios Sideris

Processing sequential data of variable length is a major challenge in a wide range of applications, such as speech recognition, language modeling, generative image modeling and machine translation. Here, we address this challenge by…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Asier Mujika , Florian Meier , Angelika Steger

This paper investigates the optimization of Truncated Backpropagation Through Time (TBPTT) for training neural networks in digital audio effect modeling, with a focus on dynamic range compression. The study evaluates key TBPTT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yann Bourdin , Pierrick Legrand , Fanny Roche

In recent years, data-driven reinforcement learning (RL), also known as offline RL, have gained significant attention. However, the role of data sampling techniques in offline RL has been overlooked despite its potential to enhance online…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Jinyi Liu , Yi Ma , Jianye Hao , Yujing Hu , Yan Zheng , Tangjie Lv , Changjie Fan

Multi-task learning is useful in NLP because it is often practically desirable to have a single model that works across a range of tasks. In the medical domain, sequential training on tasks may sometimes be the only way to train models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Denis Jered McInerney , Luyang Kong , Kristjan Arumae , Byron Wallace , Parminder Bhatia

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) can be difficult to deploy on resource constrained devices due to their size.As a result, there is a need for compression techniques that can significantly compress RNNs without negatively impacting task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-03 Urmish Thakker , Jesse Beu , Dibakar Gope , Chu Zhou , Igor Fedorov , Ganesh Dasika , Matthew Mattina

Temporal models based on recurrent neural networks have proven to be quite powerful in a wide variety of applications. However, training these models often relies on back-propagation through time, which entails unfolding the network over…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Alexander Ororbia , Ankur Mali , C. Lee Giles , Daniel Kifer