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The optimization of electric machines at multiple operating points is crucial for applications that require frequent changes on speeds and loads, such as the electric vehicles, to strive for the machine optimal performance across the entire…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Shen Zhang , Shibo Zhang , Sufei Li , Liang Du , Thomas G. Habetler

We present a theoretical foundation regarding the boundedness of the t-SNE algorithm. t-SNE employs gradient descent iteration with Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence as the objective function, aiming to identify a set of points that closely…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-01 Seonghyeon Jeong , Hau-Tieng Wu

Running machine learning analytics over geographically distributed datasets is a rapidly arising problem in the world of data management policies ensuring privacy and data security. Visualizing high dimensional data using tools such as…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Viska Wei , Nikita Ivkin , Vladimir Braverman , Alexander Szalay

Dimensionality reduction techniques are essential for visualizing and analyzing high-dimensional biological sequencing data. t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) is widely used for this purpose, traditionally employing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Avais Jan , Prakash Chourasia , Sarwan Ali , Murray Patterson

Conditional t-SNE (ct-SNE) is a recent extension to t-SNE that allows removal of known cluster information from the embedding, to obtain a visualization revealing structure beyond label information. This is useful, for example, when one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Edith Heiter , Bo Kang , Ruth Seurinck , Jefrey Lijffijt

Dimensionality reduction methods such as t-SNE are designed to preserve local neighborhood structure but do not explicitly account for how probability mass is distributed, often leading to distortions of data density. We reformulate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Maksim Kazanskii

Dimensionality reduction techniques aim at representing high-dimensional data in low-dimensional spaces to extract hidden and useful information or facilitate visual understanding and interpretation of the data. However, few of them take…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Yan Sun , Yi Han , Jicong Fan

Hyperspectral Imagery (and Remote Sensing in general) captured from UAVs or satellites are highly voluminous in nature due to the large spatial extent and wavelengths captured by them. Since analyzing these images requires a huge amount of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-12 Megh Shukla , Biplab Banerjee , Krishna Mohan Buddhiraju

Adversarial examples, designed to trick Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) into producing wrong outputs, highlight vulnerabilities in these models. Exploring these weaknesses is crucial for developing defenses, and so, we propose a method to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Inês Valentim , Nuno Antunes , Nuno Lourenço

Network alignment is the task of establishing one-to-one correspondences between the nodes of different graphs. Although finding a plethora of applications in high-impact domains, this task is known to be NP-hard in its general form.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Jiashu He , Charilaos I. Kanatsoulis , Alejandro Ribeiro

In this work, the use of t-SNE is proposed to embed 3D point clouds of plants into 2D space for plant characterization. It is demonstrated that t-SNE operates as a practical tool to flatten and visualize a complete 3D plant model in 2D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Helin Dutagaci

In data stream clustering, systematic theory of stream clustering algorithms remains relatively scarce. Recently, density-based methods have gained attention. However, existing algorithms struggle to simultaneously handle arbitrarily…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Qifen Zeng , Haomin Bao , Yuanzhuo Hu , Zirui Zhang , Yuheng Zheng , Luosheng Wen

Central to the widespread use of t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is the conviction that it produces visualizations whose structure roughly matches that of the input. To the contrary, we prove that (1) the strength of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Noah Bergam , Szymon Snoeck , Nakul Verma

Similar to many Machine Learning models, both accuracy and speed of the Cluster weighted models (CWMs) can be hampered by high-dimensional data, leading to previous works on a parsimonious technique to reduce the effect of "Curse of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-03 Kehinde Olobatuyi

This study presents a pipeline leveraging t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) for interpretable visualizations of chirp features across diverse outcome scenarios. The dataset, comprising chirp-based temporal, spectral, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Nooshin Bahador , Milad Lankarany

Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (SNE) is a manifold learning and dimensionality reduction method with a probabilistic approach. In SNE, every point is consider to be the neighbor of all other points with some probability and this probability…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-04 Benyamin Ghojogh , Ali Ghodsi , Fakhri Karray , Mark Crowley

t-distributed Stochastic Neighborhood Embedding (t-SNE), a clustering and visualization method proposed by van der Maaten & Hinton in 2008, has rapidly become a standard tool in a number of natural sciences. Despite its overwhelming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-09 George C. Linderman , Stefan Steinerberger

t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is a well-established visualization method for complex high-dimensional data. However, the original t-SNE method is nonparametric, stochastic, and often cannot well prevserve the global…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Zixia Zhou , Yuanyuan Wang , Boudewijn P. F. Lelieveldt , Qian Tao

Widely used pipelines for analyzing high-dimensional data utilize two-dimensional visualizations. These are created, for instance, via t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). A crucial element of the t-SNE embedding procedure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Martin Skrodzki , Nicolas F. Chaves-de-Plaza , Thomas Höllt , Elmar Eisemann , Klaus Hildebrandt

Unsupervised machine learning has recently gained much attention in the field of molecular dynamics (MD). Particularly, dimensionality reduction techniques have been regularly employed to analyze large volumes of high-dimensional MD data to…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-05-23 Patryk Tajs , Mateusz Skarupski , Jakub Rydzewski