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Mathematical reasoning is a key benchmark for large language models. Reinforcement learning is a standard post-training mechanism for improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models, yet performance remains sensitive to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Arash Ahmadi , Sarah Sharif , Yaser , Banad

Advances in reinforcement learning research have demonstrated the ways in which different agent-based models can learn how to optimally perform a task within a given environment. Reinforcement leaning solves unsupervised problems where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Herkulaas Combrink , Vukosi Marivate , Benjamin Rosman

Multi-agent systems (MAS) and reinforcement learning (RL) are widely used to enhance the agentic capabilities of large language models (LLMs). MAS improves task performance through role-based orchestration, while RL uses environmental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yujie Zhao , Lanxiang Hu , Yang Wang , Minmin Hou , Hao Zhang , Ke Ding , Jishen Zhao

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is essential for evolving Large Language Models (LLMs) into autonomous agents capable of long-horizon planning, yet a practical recipe for scaling RL in complex, multi-turn environments remains elusive. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Xixi Wu , Qianguo Sun , Ruiyang Zhang , Chao Song , Junlong Wu , Yiyan Qi , Hong Cheng

Consider a typical organization whose worker agents seek to collectively cooperate for its general betterment. However, each individual agent simultaneously seeks to act to secure a larger chunk than its co-workers of the annual increment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Keyang He , Bikramjit Banerjee , Prashant Doshi

In this paper, we consider a transfer reinforcement learning problem involving agents with different action spaces. Specifically, for any new unseen task, the goal is to use a successful demonstration of this task by an expert agent in its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Kavinayan P. Sivakumar , Yan Zhang , Zachary Bell , Scott Nivison , Michael M. Zavlanos

Since reinforcement learning algorithms are notoriously data-intensive, the task of sampling observations from the environment is usually split across multiple agents. However, transferring these observations from the agents to a central…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Sajad Khodadadian , Pranay Sharma , Gauri Joshi , Siva Theja Maguluri

In cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning, a collection of agents learns to interact in a shared environment to achieve a common goal. We propose the use of reward machines (RM) -- Mealy machines used as structured representations…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Cyrus Neary , Zhe Xu , Bo Wu , Ufuk Topcu

Extrinsic rewards can effectively guide reinforcement learning (RL) agents in specific tasks. However, extrinsic rewards frequently fall short in complex environments due to the significant human effort needed for their design and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Mingqi Yuan , Roger Creus Castanyer , Bo Li , Xin Jin , Wenjun Zeng , Glen Berseth

In agent control issues, the idea of combining reinforcement learning and planning has attracted much attention. Two methods focus on micro and macro action respectively. Their advantages would show together if there is a good cooperation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-20 Xuerun Chen

Multi-agent systems of large language models (LLMs) show promise for complex reasoning, but their effectiveness is often limited by fixed collaboration protocols. These frameworks typically focus on macro-level orchestration while…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Wei Yang , Jesse Thomason

Sparse reward environments pose significant challenges in reinforcement learning, especially within multi-agent systems (MAS) where feedback is delayed and shared across agents, leading to suboptimal learning. We propose Collaborative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Yufei Lin , Chengwei Ye , Huanzhen Zhang , Kangsheng Wang , Linuo Xu , Shuyan Liu , Zeyu Zhang

Designing optimal reward functions has been desired but extremely difficult in reinforcement learning (RL). When it comes to modern complex tasks, sophisticated reward functions are widely used to simplify policy learning yet even a tiny…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Ning Wei , Jiahua Liang , Di Xie , Shiliang Pu

Designing reward functions for efficiently guiding reinforcement learning (RL) agents toward specific behaviors is a complex task. This is challenging since it requires the identification of reward structures that are not sparse and that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Dhawal Gupta , Yash Chandak , Scott M. Jordan , Philip S. Thomas , Bruno Castro da Silva

This paper extends the reinforcement learning ideas into the multi-agents system, which is far more complicated than the previously studied single-agent system. We studied two different multi-agents systems. One is the fully-connected…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-05-18 Zhipeng Wang , Mingbo Cai

Reinforcement learning demonstrated immense success in modelling complex physics-driven systems, providing end-to-end trainable solutions by interacting with a simulated or real environment, maximizing a scalar reward signal. In this work,…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-01-10 Tobias Kortus , Ralf Keidel , Nicolas R. Gauger , Jan Kieseler

Reinforcement learning studies how an agent should interact with an environment to maximize its cumulative reward. A standard way to study this question abstractly is to ask how many samples an agent needs from the environment to learn an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-21 Daochen Wang , Aarthi Sundaram , Robin Kothari , Ashish Kapoor , Martin Roetteler

The recent progress in Reinforcement Learning applications to Resource Management presents MDPs without a deeper analysis of the impacts of design decisions on agent performance. In this paper, we compare and contrast four different MDP…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Renato Luiz de Freitas Cunha , Luiz Chaimowicz

Achieving cooperation among self-interested agents remains a fundamental challenge in multi-agent reinforcement learning. Recent work showed that mutual cooperation can be induced between "learning-aware" agents that account for and shape…

Reinforcement Learning has suffered from poor reward specification, and issues for reward hacking even in simple enough domains. Preference Based Reinforcement Learning attempts to solve the issue by utilizing binary feedbacks on queried…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Mudit Verma , Subbarao Kambhampati