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Biological spiking neural networks (SNNs) can temporally encode information in their outputs, e.g. in the rank order in which neurons fire, whereas artificial neural networks (ANNs) conventionally do not. As a result, models of SNNs for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Alan Jeffares , Qinghai Guo , Pontus Stenetorp , Timoleon Moraitis

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are distributed trainable systems whose computing elements, or neurons, are characterized by internal analog dynamics and by digital and sparse synaptic communications. The sparsity of the synaptic spiking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-08 Hyeryung Jang , Osvaldo Simeone , Brian Gardner , André Grüning

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have been proposed as biologically plausible and energy-efficient alternatives to conventional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). However, the training of SNN usually relies on surrogate gradients due to the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Himanshu Udupi , Xiaocong Yang , ChengXiang Zhai

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have shown clear advantages over traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs) for low latency and high computational efficiency, due to their event-driven nature and sparse communication. However, the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Jibin Wu , Chenglin Xu , Daquan Zhou , Haizhou Li , Kay Chen Tan

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as a promising approach to improve the energy efficiency of machine learning models, as they naturally implement event-driven computations while avoiding expensive multiplication operations. In…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Anagha Nimbekar , Prabodh Katti , Chen Li , Bashir M. Al-Hashimi , Amit Acharyya , Bipin Rajendran

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise low-power event-driven computation for temporally rich tasks, but commonly used neuron models often trade off gradient-based trainability, dynamical richness, and high activity sparsity. These…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Alex Fulleda-Garcia , Saray Soldado-Magraner , Josep Maria Margarit-Taulé

Machine learning with artificial neural networks (ANNs), provides solutions for the growing complexity of modern communication systems. This complexity, however, increases power consumption, making the systems energy-intensive. Spiking…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Eike-Manuel Edelmann

Spiking neural network (SNN), as a brain-inspired energy-efficient neural network, has attracted the interest of researchers. While the training of spiking neural networks is still an open problem. One effective way is to map the weight of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Yang Li , Yi Zeng

The spiking neural network (SNN), as a promising brain-inspired computational model with binary spike information transmission mechanism, rich spatially-temporal dynamics, and event-driven characteristics, has received extensive attention.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Yufei Guo , Xuhui Huang , Zhe Ma

The machine learning community has become increasingly interested in the energy efficiency of neural networks. The Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is a promising approach to energy-efficient computing, since its activation levels are quantized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Aaron R. Voelker , Daniel Rasmussen , Chris Eliasmith

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have been attached great importance due to their biological plausibility and high energy-efficiency on neuromorphic chips. As these chips are usually resource-constrained, the compression of SNNs is thus…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-08-19 Yanqi Chen , Zhaofei Yu , Wei Fang , Tiejun Huang , Yonghong Tian

Foundational models based on the transformer architecture are currently the state-of-the-art in general language modeling, as well as in scientific areas such as material science and climate. However, training and deploying these models is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Adarsha Balaji , Sandeep Madireddy , Prasanna Balaprakash

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), regarded as the third generation of neural networks, emulate the brain's information processing with unparalleled biological plausibility compared to traditional neural networks. However, their non-linear,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Haidong Wang , Xiaogang Xiong , Mengting Lan , Yinghao Chu , Zixuan Jiang , KC Santosh , Shimin Wang , Renxin Zhong

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as a popular spatio-temporal computing paradigm for complex vision tasks. Recently proposed SNN training algorithms have significantly reduced the number of time steps (down to 1) for improved…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Gourav Datta , Zeyu Liu , Anni Li , Peter A. Beerel

Empowered by the backpropagation (BP) algorithm, deep neural networks have dominated the race in solving various cognitive tasks. The restricted training pattern in the standard BP requires end-to-end error propagation, causing large memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Wenzhe Guo , Mohammed E Fouda , Ahmed M. Eltawil , Khaled N. Salama

Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is considered more biologically realistic and power-efficient as it imitates the fundamental mechanism of the human brain. Recently, backpropagation (BP) based SNN learning algorithms that utilize deep learning…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Chengting Yu , Yangkai Du , Mufeng Chen , Aili Wang , Gaoang Wang , Erping Li

Direct training of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) on neuromorphic hardware can greatly reduce energy costs compared to GPU-based training. However, implementing Backpropagation (BP) on such hardware is challenging because forward and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Gaspard Goupy , Pierre Tirilly , Ioan Marius Bilasco

The efficiency of modern machine intelligence depends on high accuracy with minimal computational cost. In spiking neural networks (SNNs), synaptic delays are crucial for encoding temporal structure, yet existing models treat them as fully…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Lennart P. L. Landsmeer , Amirreza Movahedin , Mario Negrello , Said Hamdioui , Christos Strydis

Modern deep learning enabled artificial neural networks, such as Deep Neural Network (DNN) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), have achieved a series of breaking records on a broad spectrum of recognition applications. However, the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-03-15 Tao Liu , Zihao Liu , Fuhong Lin , Yier Jin , Gang Quan , Wujie Wen

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are biology-inspired artificial neural networks (ANNs) that comprise of spiking neurons to process asynchronous discrete signals. While more efficient in power consumption and inference speed on the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Shikuang Deng , Shi Gu