Related papers: Gravitational energy is well defined
We construct the gravitational energy-momentum pseudo-tensor of up to fourth-order conformally invariant theories of gravity. Then we linearize the pseudo-tensor and use its average over a macroscopic region to find the energy and momentum…
The equations of motion describing all physical systems, except gravity, remain invariant if a constant is added to the Lagrangian. In the conventional approach, gravitational theories break this symmetry exhibited by all other physical…
We present a method to calculate the gravitational energy when asymptotic boundary conditions for the space-time are not given. This is the situation for most of the cosmological models. The expression for the gravitational energy is…
Casimir energy in presence of a weak gravitational field is discussed taking into account the issues related to energy and its conservation in a curved background. It is well-known that there are inherent difficulties in defining energy in…
We find a (quasi-)local first law of thermodynamics, $\Delta E = T \Delta S - W$, connecting gravitational entropy, $S$, with matter energy and work. For Einstein gravity $S$ is the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, while for general theories of…
We derive the gravitational energy momentum tensor $\tau^{\eta}_{\alpha}$ for a general Lagrangian of any order $L=L\left(g_{\mu\nu}, g_{\mu\nu,i_{1}}, g_{\mu\nu,i_{1}i_{2}},g_{\mu\nu,i_{1}i_{2}i_{3}},\cdots, g_{\mu\nu,i_{1}i_{2}i_{3}\cdots…
The values for the gravitational energy-momentum density, given by the famous classical pseudotensors: Einstein, Papapetrou, Landau-Lifshitz, Bergmann-Thompson, Goldberg, M{\o}ller, and Weinberg, in the small region limit are found to…
Gravitational radiation is locally defined where the wavefronts are roughly spherical. A local energy tensor is defined for the gravitational radiation. Including this energy tensor as a source in the truncated Einstein equations describes…
It has been tested precisely that the inertial and gravitational masses are equal. Here we reveal that the inertial and gravitational momenta may differ. More generally, the inertial and gravitational energy-momentum tensors may not…
Cosmic acceleration is explained quantitatively, as an apparent effect due to gravitational energy differences that arise in the decoupling of bound systems from the global expansion of the universe. "Dark energy" is a misidentification of…
For a spacelike 2-surface in spacetime, we propose a new definition of quasi-local angular momentum and quasi-local center of mass, as an element in the dual space of the Lie algebra of the Lorentz group. Together with previous defined…
Two locally positive expressions for the gravitational Hamiltonian, one using 4-spinors the other special orthonormal frames, are reviewed. A new quadratic 3-spinor-curvature identity is used to obtain another positive expression for the…
Einstein's relation E=Mc^2 between the energy E and the mass M is the cornerstone of the relativity theory. This relation is often derived in a context of the relativistic theory for closed systems which do not accelerate. By contrast,…
A general recipe to define, via Noether theorem, the Hamiltonian in any natural field theory is suggested. It is based on a Regge-Teitelboim-like approach applied to the variation of Noether conserved quantities. The Hamiltonian for General…
In this paper, we elaborate the problem of energy-momentum in general relativity by energy-momentum prescriptions theory. Our aim is to calculate energy and momentum densities for the general form of gravitational waves. In this connection,…
We study gravitational theory in 1+2 spacetime dimensions which is determined by the Lagrangian constructed as a sum of the Einstein-Hilbert term plus the two (translational and rotational) gravitational Chern-Simons terms. When the…
A quasi-local mass has been a long sought after quantity in general relativity. A recent candidate has been the Liu-Yau mass. One can show that the Liu-Yau mass of any two-surface is the maximum of the Brown-York energy for that…
The problem of defining energy in general relativity is reviewed very briefly, and the properties of Brown-York-like expressions are discussed.
The gravitational self-force has thus far been formulated in background spacetimes for which the metric is a solution to the Einstein field equations in vacuum. While this formulation is sufficient to describe the motion of a small object…
We define, by an integral of geometric quantities over a spherical shell of arbitrary radius, an invariant gravitational entropy. This definition relies on defining a gravitational energy and pressure, and it reduces at the horizon of both…