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Quantum tomography is a procedure to determine the quantum state of a physical system, or equivalently, to estimate the expectation value of any operator. It consists in appropriately averaging the outcomes of the measurement results of…
Quantum state tomography is a fundamental tool in quantum information processing. It allows us to estimate the state of a quantum system by measuring different observables on many identically prepared copies of the system. This is, in…
Quantum state tomography is the task of inferring the state of a quantum system by appropriate measurements. Since the frequency distributions of the outcomes of any finite number of measurements will generally deviate from their asymptotic…
Quantum state tomography is a technique in quantum information science used to reconstruct the density matrix of an unknown quantum state, providing complete information about the quantum state. It is of significant importance in fields…
We review experimental work on the measurement of the quantum state of optical fields, and the relevant theoretical background. The basic technique of optical homodyne tomography is described with particular attention paid to the role…
Estimation of quantum states and measurements is crucial for the implementation of quantum information protocols. The standard method for each is quantum tomography. However, quantum tomography suffers from systematic errors caused by…
Quantum tomography is an important tool for obtaining information about the quantum state from experimental data. In this study, we conduct a comparative analysis of various quantum tomography protocols, including protocols based on highly…
Quantum tomography is a critically important tool to evaluate quantum hardware, making it essential to develop optimized measurement strategies that are both accurate and efficient. We compare a variety of strategies using nearly pure test…
Quantum state tomography is an essential component of modern quantum technology. In application to continuous-variable harmonic-oscilator systems, such as the electromagnetic field, existing tomography methods typically reconstruct the…
Quantum state tomography is the standard tool in current experiments for verifying that a state prepared in the lab is close to an ideal target state, but up to now there were no rigorous methods for evaluating the precision of the state…
Quantum tomography is the main method used to assess the quality of quantum information processing devices, but its complexity presents a major obstacle for the characterization of even moderately large systems. The number of experimental…
We present a framework that formulates the quest for the most efficient quantum state tomography scheme as an optimization problem which can be solved numerically. This approach can be applied to a broad spectrum of relevant setups…
Quantum state tomography is a key process in most quantum experiments. In this work, we employ quantum machine learning for state tomography. Given an unknown quantum state, it can be learned by maximizing the fidelity between the output of…
Measurement in quantum simulations provides a means for extracting meaningful information from a complex quantum state, and for quantum computing reducing the complexity of measurement will be vital for near-term applications. For most…
We present a method for measuring quantum states encoded in the temporal modes of photons. The basis for the multilevel quantum states is defined by the use of modes propagating in a dispersive medium, which is a fiber in this case. The…
Quantum state tomography, the ability to deduce the state of a quantum system from measured data, is the gold standard for verification and benchmarking of quantum devices. It has been realized in systems with few components, but for larger…
This review covers latest developments in continuous-variable quantum-state tomography of optical fields and photons, placing a special accent on its practical aspects and applications in quantum information technology. Optical homodyne…
Quantum state tomography (QST) is an essential tool for characterizing an unknown quantum state. Recently, QST has been performed for entangled qudits based on orbital angular momentum, time-energy uncertainty, and frequency bins. Here, we…
Maximum likelihood quantum state tomography yields estimators that are consistent, provided that the likelihood model is correct, but the maximum likelihood estimators may have bias for any finite data set. The bias of an estimator is the…
Quantum state tomography is an important tool for quantum communication, computation, metrology, and simulation. Efficient quantum state tomography on a high dimensional quantum system is still a challenging problem. Here, we propose a…