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Anomaly detection usually assumes that abnormality is an intrinsic property of an observation. A defect is a defect, and a rare object is rare, regardless of where it appears. Many real-world anomalies do not work this way. A runner on a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Shashank Mishra , Didier Stricker , Jason Rambach

Continual Learning (CL) is crucial for enabling networks to dynamically adapt as they learn new tasks sequentially, accommodating new data and classes without catastrophic forgetting. Diverging from conventional perspectives on CL, our…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-12 Nourhan Bayasi , Jamil Fayyad , Alceu Bissoto , Ghassan Hamarneh , Rafeef Garbi

With the rapid proliferation of smart mobile devices, users now take millions of photos every day. These include large numbers of clothing and accessory images. We would like to answer questions like `What outfit goes well with this pair of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-09-25 Andreas Veit , Balazs Kovacs , Sean Bell , Julian McAuley , Kavita Bala , Serge Belongie

We are born with the ability to learn concepts by comparing diverse observations. This helps us to understand the new world in a compositional manner and facilitates extrapolation, as objects naturally consist of multiple concepts. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Yujia Zheng , Shaoan Xie , Kun Zhang

Neurological conditions affecting visual perception create profound experiential divides between affected individuals and their caregivers, families, and medical professionals. We present the Perceptual Reality Transformer, a comprehensive…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-14 Baihan Lin

Humans can learn and reason under substantial uncertainty in a space of infinitely many concepts, including structured relational concepts ("a scene with objects that have the same color") and ad-hoc categories defined through goals…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Ramakrishna Vedantam , Arthur Szlam , Maximilian Nickel , Ari Morcos , Brenden Lake

Machine learning has made major advances in categorizing objects in images, yet the best algorithms miss important aspects of how people learn and think about categories. People can learn richer concepts from fewer examples, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Brenden M. Lake , Steven T. Piantadosi

Measuring perceptual similarity is a key tool in computer vision. In recent years perceptual metrics based on features extracted from neural networks with large and diverse training sets, e.g. CLIP, have become popular. At the same time,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Francesco Croce , Christian Schlarmann , Naman Deep Singh , Matthias Hein

Learnable keypoint detectors and descriptors are beginning to outperform classical hand-crafted feature extraction methods. Recent studies on self-supervised learning of visual representations have driven the increasing performance of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Henrique Siqueira , Patrick Ruhkamp , Ibrahim Halfaoui , Markus Karmann , Onay Urfalioglu

Recent studies revealed complex convergence dynamics in gradient-based methods, which has been little understood so far. Changing the step size to balance between high convergence rate and small generalization error may not be sufficient:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-07 Ilona Kulikovskikh

Most machine learning-based image segmentation models produce pixel-wise confidence scores that represent the model's predicted probability for each class label at every pixel. While this information can be particularly valuable in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Bruno Viti , Elias Karabelas , Martin Holler

In order to design haptic icons or build a haptic vocabulary, we require a set of easily distinguishable haptic signals to avoid perceptual ambiguity, which in turn requires a way to accurately estimate the perceptual (dis)similarity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Priyadarshini Kumari , Siddhartha Chaudhuri , Subhasis Chaudhuri

This paper presents a novel deep learning architecture to classify structured objects in datasets with a large number of visually similar categories. We model sequences of images as linear-chain CRFs, and jointly learn the parameters from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Eran Goldman , Jacob Goldberger

Scatterplots commonly use color to encode categorical data. However, as datasets increase in size and complexity, the efficacy of these channels may vary. Designers lack insight into how robust different design choices are to variations in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Chin Tseng , Ghulam Jilani Quadri , Zeyu Wang , Danielle Albers Szafir

Predictive coding (PC) is an influential theory in computational neuroscience, which argues that the cortex forms unsupervised world models by implementing a hierarchical process of prediction error minimization. PC networks (PCNs) are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Beren Millidge , Yuhang Song , Tommaso Salvatori , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Rafal Bogacz

Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP) performs zero-shot image classification by mapping images and textual class representation into a shared embedding space, then retrieving the class closest to the image. This work provides a new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Fawaz Sammani , Nikos Deligiannis

Conformal prediction (CP) is a powerful framework for quantifying uncertainty in machine learning models, offering reliable predictions with finite-sample coverage guarantees. When applied to classification, CP produces a prediction set of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Floris den Hengst , Inès Blin , Majid Mohammadi , Syed Ihtesham Hussain Shah , Taraneh Younesian

In designing an intelligent system that must be able to explain its reasoning to a human user, or to provide generalizations that the human user finds reasonable, it may be useful to take into consideration psychological data on what types…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-04-15 James E. Corter , Mark A. Gluck

Predictive Coding (PC) is an influential account of cortical learning. Much of recent work has focused on comparing PC to Backpropagation (BP) to find whether PC offers any advantages. Small scale experiments show that PC enables learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Gaspard Oliviers , Elene Lominadze , Rafal Bogacz

Characterizing judgments of similarity within a perceptual or semantic domain, and making inferences about the underlying structure of this domain from these judgments, has an increasingly important role in cognitive and systems…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-13 Jonathan D. Victor , Guillermo Aguilar , Suniyya A. Waraich