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Non-local correlations are usually understood through the outcomes of alternative measurements (on two or more parts of a system) that cannot altogether actually be carried out in an experiment. Indeed, a joint input/output -- e.g.,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-11 Stefan Wolf

As digital platforms increasingly mediate interactions tied to place, ensuring genuine local participation is essential for maintaining trust and credibility in location-based services, community-driven platforms, and civic engagement…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Zihan Gao , Justin Cranshaw , Jacob Thebault-Spieker

An ensemble consisting on systems of two entangled spin 1/2 particles, all of them in the same global quantum state, are considered. The two spins are measured, each of them, on a fixed direction, at two randomly selected measurement times.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-06 Ramon Lapiedra , A. Pérez

Various Bell inequalities are trivial algebraic properties satisfied by each line of particular data spreadsheets.It is surprising that their violation in some experiments, allows to speculate about the existence of nonlocal influences in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-25 Marian Kupczynski

The inequalities proposed in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 170404 (2010)] are not Bell's inequalities in the usual sense: there are local classical models that violate these inequalities. Thus, their violation demonstrates nonlocality only under…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-05-24 D. Cavalcanti , V. Scarani

The causal modelling of Bell experiments relies on three fundamental assumptions: locality, freedom of choice, and arrow-of-time. It turns out that nature violates Bell inequalities, which entails the failure of at least one of those…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-26 Pawel Blasiak , Christoph Gallus

The question whether Quantum Mechanics describes all aspects of both the micro-world of elementary particles and living organisms adequately is still open. A Bell inequality test without locality and detection loopholes will deliver the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-08-26 M. Stobińska , P. Horodecki , A. Buraczewski , R. W. Chhajlany , R. Horodecki , G. Leuchs

According to quantum theory, the outcomes obtained by measuring an entangled state necessarily exhibit some randomness if they violate a Bell inequality. In particular, a maximal violation of the CHSH inequality guarantees that 1.23 bits of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-03-23 Antonio Acin , Serge Massar , Stefano Pironio

Bell nonlocality as a resource for device independent certification schemes has been studied extensively in recent years. The strongest form of device independent certification is referred to as self-testing, which given a device certifies…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-15 Shubhayan Sarkar , Debashis Saha , Jędrzej Kaniewski , Remigiusz Augusiak

Understanding the connections between different quantum information protocols has been proven fruitful for both theoretical insights and experimental applications. In this work, we explore the relationship between non-local and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-22 Matilde Baroni , Eleni Diamanti , Damian Markham , Ivan Šupić

The Bell inequality is derived under the assumption of three physical data sets, random or deterministic. The data sets represent a laboratory realization of the three probability based variables used by Bell. For physical data as can be…

General Physics · Physics 2022-03-15 Louis Sica

Bell inequalities rely on an assumption that the probabilities of adopting configurations of hidden variables describing a system prior to measurement are independent of the choice of measured physical property, also known as measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-05 Sophia M. Walls , Ian J. Ford

Entanglement between two separate systems is a necessary resource to violate a Bell inequality in a test of local realism. We demonstrate that to overcome the Bell bound, this correlation must be accompanied by the entanglement between the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-07 T. Wasak , A. Smerzi , J. Chwedenczuk

Bell's test, initially devised to distinguish quantum theory from local hidden variable models through {violations of local bounds}, is also a common tool for detecting entanglement. For this purpose, one can assume the quantum description…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Liang-Liang Sun , Yong-Shun Song , Sixia Yu

A device-independent dimension test for a Bell experiment aims to estimate the underlying Hilbert space dimension that is required to produce given measurement statistical data without any other assumptions concerning the quantum apparatus.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-25 Zhaohui Wei , Jamie Sikora

Quantum correlations in Bell and prepare-and-measure experiments are central resources for probing nonclassicality and enabling device-based quantum information protocols. In the absence of shared public randomness (i.e., without run-to-run…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Liang-Liang Sun , Xiang Zhou , Chengjie Zhang , Zizhu Wang , Yong-Shun Song , Sixia Yu

In this work we investigate the probability of violation of local realism under random measurements in parallel with the strength of these violations as described by resistance to white noise admixture. We address multisetting Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-22 Anna de Rosier , Jacek Gruca , Fernando Parisio , Tamas Vertesi , Wieslaw Laskowski

Device-independent randomness certification based on Bell nonlocality does not require any assumptions about the devices and therefore provides adequate security. Great effort has been made to demonstrate that nonlocality is necessary for…

The violation of Bell inequalities seems to establish an important fact about the world: that it is non-local. However, this result relies on the assumption of the statistical independence of the measurement settings with respect to…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2020-09-30 Augustin Baas , Baptiste Le Bihan

Here, we consider the Bell experiment for a system described by multipartite states in the case where n-dichotomic observables are measured per site. If n is two, we consider a two-setting Bell experiment. If n is three, we consider a…

General Physics · Physics 2020-01-22 Koji Nagata , Tadao Nakamura , Han Geurdes