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In programming by example, users "write" programs by generating a small number of input-output examples and asking the computer to synthesize consistent programs. We consider a challenging problem in this domain: learning regular…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-28 Long Ouyang

Deep reinforcement learning has led to several recent breakthroughs, though the learned policies are often based on black-box neural networks. This makes them difficult to interpret and to impose desired specification constraints during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-05 Surya Bhupatiraju , Kumar Krishna Agrawal , Rishabh Singh

Synthesizing user-intended programs from a small number of input-output examples is a challenging problem with several important applications like spreadsheet manipulation, data wrangling and code refactoring. Existing synthesis systems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-17 Ashwin Kalyan , Abhishek Mohta , Oleksandr Polozov , Dhruv Batra , Prateek Jain , Sumit Gulwani

Code reasoning refers to the task of predicting the output of a program given its source code and specific inputs. It can measure the reasoning capability of large language models (LLMs) and also benefit downstream tasks such as code…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhanyue Qin , Jia Feng , Yibo Lyu , Yun Peng , Dianbo Sui , Cuiyun Gao , Qing Liao

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been widely used in training large language models (LLMs) for preventing unexpected outputs, eg reducing harmfulness and errors. However, existing RL methods mostly adopt the instance-level reward, which is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Zhipeng Chen , Kun Zhou , Wayne Xin Zhao , Junchen Wan , Fuzheng Zhang , Di Zhang , Ji-Rong Wen

Reactive synthesis algorithms allow automatic construction of policies to control an environment modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) that are optimal with respect to high-level temporal logic specifications. However, they assume that…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Rajeev Alur , Suguman Bansal , Osbert Bastani , Kishor Jothimurugan

In many sequence learning tasks, such as program synthesis and document summarization, a key problem is searching over a large space of possible output sequences. We propose to learn representations of the outputs that are specifically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-09 Joey Hong , David Dohan , Rishabh Singh , Charles Sutton , Manzil Zaheer

A key challenge in program synthesis is the astronomical size of the search space the synthesizer has to explore. In response to this challenge, recent work proposed to guide synthesis using learned probabilistic models. Obtaining such a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Shraddha Barke , Hila Peleg , Nadia Polikarpova

Automated source code refactoring, particularly extract method refactoring, is a crucial and frequently employed technique during software development. Despite its importance and frequent use by practitioners, current automated techniques…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Indranil Palit , Tushar Sharma

Compositional generalization refers to correctly interpret novel combinations of known primitives, which remains a major challenge. Existing approaches often rely on supervised fine-tuning, which encourages models to imitate target outputs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Xiyan Fu , Wei Liu

Automatic program repair holds the potential of dramatically improving the productivity of programmers during the software development process and correctness of software in general. Recent advances in machine learning, deep learning, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Hossein Hajipour , Apratim Bhattacharyya , Cristian-Alexandru Staicu , Mario Fritz

The predominant challenge in weakly supervised semantic parsing is that of spurious programs that evaluate to correct answers for the wrong reasons. Prior work uses elaborate search strategies to mitigate the prevalence of spurious…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Nitish Gupta , Sameer Singh , Matt Gardner

Due to the lack of parallel data in current Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) task, models based on Sequence to Sequence framework cannot be adequately trained to obtain higher performance. We propose two data synthesis methods which can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Liner Yang , Chencheng Wang , Yun Chen , Yongping Du , Erhong Yang

Code super-optimization is the task of transforming any given program to a more efficient version while preserving its input-output behaviour. In some sense, it is similar to the paraphrase problem from natural language processing where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-29 Rudy Bunel , Alban Desmaison , M. Pawan Kumar , Philip H. S. Torr , Pushmeet Kohli

Neural program embeddings have shown much promise recently for a variety of program analysis tasks, including program synthesis, program repair, fault localization, etc. However, most existing program embeddings are based on syntactic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-03 Ke Wang , Rishabh Singh , Zhendong Su

Program synthesis with language models (LMs) has unlocked a large set of reasoning abilities; code-tuned LMs have proven adept at generating programs that solve a wide variety of algorithmic symbolic manipulation tasks (e.g. word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Nathaniel Weir , Muhammad Khalifa , Linlu Qiu , Orion Weller , Peter Clark

This paper proposes an adaptive neural-compilation framework to address the problem of efficient program learning. Traditional code optimisation strategies used in compilers are based on applying pre-specified set of transformations that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-27 Rudy Bunel , Alban Desmaison , Pushmeet Kohli , Philip H. S. Torr , M. Pawan Kumar

This paper studies constrained text generation, which is to generate sentences under certain pre-conditions. We focus on CommonGen, the task of generating text based on a set of concepts, as a representative task of constrained text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Yixian Liu , Liwen Zhang , Wenjuan Han , Yue Zhang , Kewei Tu

Controller synthesis is a formal method approach for automatically generating Labeled Transition System (LTS) controllers that satisfy specified properties. The efficiency of the synthesis process, however, is critically dependent on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Toshihide Ubukata , Enhong Mu , Takuto Yamauchi , Mingyue Zhang , Jialong Li , Kenji Tei

Machine learning algorithms learn to solve a task, but are unable to improve their ability to learn. Meta-learning methods learn about machine learning algorithms and improve them so that they learn more quickly. However, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Calarina Muslimani , Alex Lewandowski , Dale Schuurmans , Matthew E. Taylor , Jun Luo