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We convert the DeepMind Mathematics Dataset into a reinforcement learning environment by interpreting it as a program synthesis problem. Each action taken in the environment adds an operator or an input into a discrete compute graph. Graphs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Joseph Palermo , Johnny Ye , Alok Singh

Testing algorithms across a wide range of problem instances is crucial to ensure the validity of any claim about one algorithm's superiority over another. However, when it comes to inference algorithms for probabilistic logic programs,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-09-14 Paulius Dilkas , Vaishak Belle

Foundation models contain a wealth of information from their vast number of training samples. However, most prior arts fail to extract this information in a precise and efficient way for small sample sizes. In this work, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Nico Schiavone , Xingyu Li

The specification synthesis task aims to automatically generate specifications, together with any necessary auxiliary verification annotations, for existing programs. This task is important because such specifications serve as behavioral…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zhechong Huang , Zhao Zhang , Zeyu Sun , Huifeng Sun , Yingfei Xiong

We propose a novel framework of program and invariant synthesis called neural network-guided synthesis. We first show that, by suitably designing and training neural networks, we can extract logical formulas over integers from the weights…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Naoki Kobayashi , Taro Sekiyama , Issei Sato , Hiroshi Unno

Curriculum learning has shown promising improvements in multiple domains by training machine learning models from easy samples to hard ones. Previous works which either design rules or train models for scoring the difficulty highly rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Qi Jia , Yizhu Liu , Haifeng Tang , Kenny Q. Zhu

Program synthesis is the task of constructing a program conforming to a given specification. We focus on deductive synthesis, and in particular on synthesis problems with specifications given as $\forall\exists$-formulas, expressing the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Márton Hajdu , Petra Hozzová , Laura Kovács , Andrei Voronkov , Eva Maria Wagner , Richard Steven Žilinčík

Program synthesis aims to {\it automatically} find programs from an underlying programming language that satisfy a given specification. While this has the potential to revolutionize computing, how to search over the vast space of programs…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Yuan Yuan , Wolfgang Banzhaf

A major obstacle in reinforcement learning-based sentence generation is the large action space whose size is equal to the vocabulary size of the target-side language. To improve the efficiency of reinforcement learning, we present a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-08 Kazuma Hashimoto , Yoshimasa Tsuruoka

Reinforcement learning is used to align language models with human preference signals after first pre-training the model to predict the next token of text within a large corpus using likelihood maximization. Before being deployed in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Alec Solway

Providing examples is one of the most common way for end-users to interact with program synthesizers. However, program synthesis systems assume that examples consistent with the program are chosen at random, and do not exploit the fact that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Saujas Vaduguru , Kevin Ellis , Yewen Pu

Program synthesis is challenging largely because of the difficulty of search in a large space of programs. Human programmers routinely tackle the task of writing complex programs by writing sub-programs and then analyzing their intermediate…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Augustus Odena , Kensen Shi , David Bieber , Rishabh Singh , Charles Sutton , Hanjun Dai

We seek to automate the design of molecules based on specific chemical properties. Our primary contributions are a simpler method for generating SMILES strings guaranteed to be chemically valid, using a combination of a new context-free…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-29 Egor Kraev

Auto-regressive sequence-to-sequence models with attention mechanism have achieved state-of-the-art performance in many tasks such as machine translation and speech synthesis. These models can be difficult to train. The standard approach,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-04 Qingyun Dou , Yiting Lu , Joshua Efiong , Mark J. F. Gales

When a model makes a consequential decision, e.g., denying someone a loan, it needs to additionally generate actionable, realistic feedback on what the person can do to favorably change the decision. We cast this problem through the lens of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Goutham Ramakrishnan , Yun Chan Lee , Aws Albarghouthi

Generative neural models hold great promise in enhancing programming education by synthesizing new content. We seek to design neural models that can automatically generate programming tasks for a given specification in the context of visual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Victor-Alexandru Pădurean , Georgios Tzannetos , Adish Singla

Large-scale transformers achieve impressive results on program synthesis benchmarks, yet their true generalization capabilities remain obscured by data contamination and opaque training corpora. To rigorously assess whether models are truly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Henrik Voigt , Michael Habeck , Joachim Giesen

Modern approaches to text to speech require the entire input character sequence to be processed before any audio is synthesised. This latency limits the suitability of such models for time-sensitive tasks like simultaneous interpretation.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-16 Devang S Ram Mohan , Raphael Lenain , Lorenzo Foglianti , Tian Huey Teh , Marlene Staib , Alexandra Torresquintero , Jiameng Gao

Generating keyphrases that summarize the main points of a document is a fundamental task in natural language processing. Although existing generative models are capable of predicting multiple keyphrases for an input document as well as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Hou Pong Chan , Wang Chen , Lu Wang , Irwin King

We target the problem of automatically synthesizing proofs of semantic equivalence between two programs made of sequences of statements. We represent programs using abstract syntax trees (AST), where a given set of semantics-preserving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Steve Kommrusch , Martin Monperrus , Louis-Noël Pouchet