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Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is a special class of recurrent neural network, which has shown remarkable successes in processing sequential data. The typical architecture of an LSTM involves a set of states and gates: the states retain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Arash Ardakani , Zhengyun Ji , Warren J. Gross

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is a recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture that has been designed to address the vanishing and exploding gradient problems of conventional RNNs. Unlike feedforward neural networks, RNNs have cyclic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2014-02-06 Haşim Sak , Andrew Senior , Françoise Beaufays

Gated recurrent networks such as those composed of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) nodes have recently been used to improve state of the art in many sequential processing tasks such as speech recognition and machine translation. However, the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Aditya Rawal , Risto Miikkulainen

The Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network is capable of processing complex sequential information since it utilizes special gating schemes for learning representations from long input sequences. It has the potential to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-14 Naifan Zhuang , Guo-Jun Qi , The Duc Kieu , Kien A. Hua

We investigate time-dependent data analysis from the perspective of recurrent kernel machines, from which models with hidden units and gated memory cells arise naturally. By considering dynamic gating of the memory cell, a model closely…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-11 Kevin J Liang , Guoyin Wang , Yitong Li , Ricardo Henao , Lawrence Carin

This is part III of three-part work. In parts I and II, we have presented eight variants for simplified Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks (RNNs). It is noted that fast computation, specially in constrained computing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Atra Akandeh , Fathi M. Salem

Recurrent neural architectures such as LSTM and GRU remain widely used in sequence modeling, but they continue to face two core limitations: redundant gate-specific parameters and reduced ability to retain information across long temporal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Isaac Kofi Nti

Language Models (LMs) are important components in several Natural Language Processing systems. Recurrent Neural Network LMs composed of LSTM units, especially those augmented with an external memory, have achieved state-of-the-art results.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-11 Giancarlo D. Salton , John D. Kelleher

The long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network is capable of processing complex sequential information since it utilizes special gating schemes for learning representations from long input sequences. It has the potential to model any…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-04-28 Vivek Veeriah , Naifan Zhuang , Guo-Jun Qi

Recently, a lot of techniques were developed to sparsify the weights of neural networks and to remove networks' structure units, e.g. neurons. We adjust the existing sparsification approaches to the gated recurrent architectures.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Ekaterina Lobacheva , Nadezhda Chirkova , Alexander Markovich , Dmitry Vetrov

LSTM models used in current Machine Learning literature and applications, has a promising solution for permitting long term information using gating mechanisms that forget and reduce effect of current input information. However, even with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Mojtaba Moattari

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) notoriously struggle to learn long-term memories, primarily due to vanishing and exploding gradients. The recent success of state-space models (SSMs), a subclass of RNNs, to overcome such difficulties…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Nicolas Zucchet , Antonio Orvieto

In the 1990s, the constant error carousel and gating were introduced as the central ideas of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). Since then, LSTMs have stood the test of time and contributed to numerous deep learning success stories, in…

The standard LSTM, although it succeeds in the modeling long-range dependences, suffers from a highly complex structure that can be simplified through modifications to its gate units. This paper was to perform an empirical comparison…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-12-13 Yuzhen Lu

Long short-term memory (LSTM) is one of the robust recurrent neural network architectures for learning sequential data. However, it requires considerable computational power to learn and implement both software and hardware aspects. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Nelly Elsayed , Zag ElSayed , Anthony S. Maida

Recurrent neural networks can be difficult to train on long sequence data due to the well-known vanishing gradient problem. Some architectures incorporate methods to reduce RNN state updates, therefore allowing the network to preserve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Matthew Thornton , Jithendar Anumula , Shih-Chii Liu

Previous RNN architectures have largely been superseded by LSTM, or "Long Short-Term Memory". Since its introduction, there have been many variations on this simple design. However, it is still widely used and we are not aware of a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-04-03 Andrew Pulver , Siwei Lyu

Long short-term memory (LSTM) is a robust recurrent neural network architecture for learning spatiotemporal sequential data. However, it requires significant computational power for learning and implementing from both software and hardware…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Nelly Elsayed , Zag ElSayed , Anthony S. Maida

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are powerful dynamical models for data with complex temporal structure. However, training RNNs has traditionally proved challenging due to exploding or vanishing of gradients. RNN models such as LSTMs and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Tankut Can , Kamesh Krishnamurthy , David J. Schwab

Plain recurrent networks greatly suffer from the vanishing gradient problem while Gated Neural Networks (GNNs) such as Long-short Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) deliver promising results in many sequence learning tasks…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-07-08 Yuhuang Hu , Adrian Huber , Jithendar Anumula , Shih-Chii Liu