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Anticipating the strategies of potential attackers is crucial for protecting critical infrastructure. We can represent the challenge of the defenders of such infrastructure as a Stackelberg security game. The defender must decide how to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Pamela Bustamante-Faúndez , Víctor Bucarey L. , Martine Labbé , Vladimir Marianov , Fernando Ordóñez

Most models of Stackelberg security games assume that the attacker only knows the defender's mixed strategy, but is not able to observe (even partially) the instantiated pure strategy. Such partial observation of the deployed pure strategy…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-05-05 Haifeng Xu , Albert X. Jiang , Arunesh Sinha , Zinovi Rabinovich , Shaddin Dughmi , Milind Tambe

The Stackelberg security game is played between a defender and an attacker, where the defender needs to allocate a limited amount of resources to multiple targets in order to minimize the loss due to adversarial attack by the attacker.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Rufan Bai , Haoxing Lin , Xinyu Yang , Xiaowei Wu , Minming Li , Weijia Jia

We develop an analytical Stackelberg game framework for optimal resource allocation in a sequential attacker--defender setting with a finite set of assets and probabilistic attacks. The defender commits to a mixed protection strategy, after…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Azhar Iqbal , James M. Chappell , Derek Abbott

In Stackelberg security games when information about the attacker's payoffs is uncertain, algorithms have been proposed to learn the optimal defender commitment by interacting with the attacker and observing their best responses. In this…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Jiarui Gan , Qingyu Guo , Long Tran-Thanh , Bo An , Michael Wooldridge

In this work, we provide a structural characterization of the possible Nash equilibria in the well-studied class of security games with additive utility. Our analysis yields a classification of possible equilibria into seven types and we…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Joe Clanin , Sourabh Bhattacharya

In this work, we investigate a security game between an attacker and a defender, originally proposed in \cite{emadi2019security}. As is well known, the combinatorial nature of security games leads to a large cost matrix. Therefore,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-30 HAmid Emadi , Sourabh Bhattacharya

Similar to a strategic interaction between rational and intelligent agents, cryptography problems can be examined through the prism of game theory. In this setting, the agent aiming to protect a message is called the defender, while the one…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Willie Kouam , Stefan Rass , Zahra Seyedi , Shahzad Ahmad , Eckhard Pfluegel

Moving target defense has emerged as a critical paradigm of protecting a vulnerable system against persistent and stealthy attacks. To protect a system, a defender proactively changes the system configurations to limit the exposure of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Henger Li , Wen Shen , Zizhan Zheng

Stackelberg security game models and associated computational tools have seen deployment in a number of high-consequence security settings, such as LAX canine patrols and Federal Air Marshal Service. These models focus on isolated systems…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-05-29 Jian Lou , Andrew M. Smith , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik

We explored the Patrol Security Game (PSG), a robotic patrolling problem modeled as an extensive-form Stackelberg game, where the attacker determines the timing, location, and duration of their attack. Our objective is to devise a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Hao-Tsung Yang , Ting-Kai Weng , Ting-Yu Chang , Kin Sum Liu , Shan Lin , Jie Gao , Shih-Yu Tsai

This work studies Stackelberg network interdiction games -- an important class of games in which a defender first allocates (randomized) defense resources to a set of critical nodes on a graph while an adversary chooses its path to attack…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-31 Tien Mai , Avinandan Bose , Arunesh Sinha , Thanh H. Nguyen

We study the problem of sensor scheduling for an intrusion detection task. We model this as a two-player zero-sum game over a graph, where the defender (Player 1) seeks to identify the optimal strategy for scheduling sensor orientations to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-22 Jayanth Bhargav , Shreyas Sundaram , Mahsa Ghasemi

To ensure the usefulness of Reinforcement Learning (RL) in real systems, it is crucial to ensure they are robust to noise and adversarial attacks. In adversarial RL, an external attacker has the power to manipulate the victim agent's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Jeremy McMahan , Young Wu , Xiaojin Zhu , Qiaomin Xie

Interdicting a criminal with limited police resources is a challenging task as the criminal changes location over time. The size of the large transportation network further adds to the difficulty of this scenario. To tackle this issue, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Sukanya Samanta , Kei Kimura , Makoto Yokoo , Palash Dey

Stackelberg equilibria have become increasingly important as a solution concept in computational game theory, largely inspired by practical problems such as security settings. In practice, however, there is typically uncertainty regarding…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-23 Christian Kroer , Gabriele Farina , Tuomas Sandholm

Stackelberg Security Games are often used to model strategic interactions in high-stakes security settings. The majority of existing models focus on single-defender settings where a single entity assumes command of all security assets.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Zimeng Song , Chun Kai Ling , Fei Fang

The security game is a basic model for resource allocation in adversarial environments. Here there are two players, a defender and an attacker. The defender wants to allocate her limited resources to defend critical targets and the attacker…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-06-14 Haifeng Xu

We provide a general methodology for analyzing defender-attacker based "games" in which we model such games as Markov models and introduce a capacity region to analyze how defensive and adversarial strategies impact security. Such a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-08 Saeed Valizadeh , Marten van Dijk

This contribution deals with a two-level discrete decision problem, a so-called Stackelberg strategic game: A Subset Sum setting is addressed with a set $N$ of items with given integer weights. One distinguished player, the leader, may…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-01-12 Ulrich Pferschy , Gaia Nicosia , Andrea Pacifici
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