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Whether current or near-term AI systems could be conscious is a topic of scientific interest and increasing public concern. This report argues for, and exemplifies, a rigorous and empirically grounded approach to AI consciousness: assessing…

How can we ensure that AI systems are aligned with human values and remain safe? We can study this problem through the frameworks of the AI assistance and the AI shutdown games. The AI assistance problem concerns designing an AI agent that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Alessio Benavoli , Alessandro Facchini , Marco Zaffalon

Artificial intelligence systems exhibit many useful capabilities, but they appear to lack understanding. This essay describes how we could go about constructing a machine capable of understanding. As John Locke (1689) pointed out words are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Herbert L. Roitblat

Online learning via Bayes' theorem allows new data to be continuously integrated into an agent's current beliefs. However, a naive application of Bayesian methods in non stationary environments leads to slow adaptation and results in state…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-09 Josue Nassar , Jennifer Brennan , Ben Evans , Kendall Lowrey

Can machines think? This is a central question in artificial intelligence research. However, there is a substantial divergence of views on the answer to this question. Why do people have such significant differences of opinion, even when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Xi Cun , Jifan Ren , Asha Huang , Siyu Li , Ruzhen Song

Inspired by the cognitive science theory, we explicitly model an agent with both semantic and episodic memory systems, and show that it is better than having just one of the two memory systems. In order to show this, we have designed and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Taewoon Kim , Michael Cochez , Vincent Francois-Lavet , Mark Neerincx , Piek Vossen

We spell out a definition of sentience that may be useful for designing and building it in machines. We propose that for sentience to be meaningful for AI, it must be fleshed out in functional, computational terms, in enough detail to allow…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Konstantin Demin , Taylor Webb , Eric Elmoznino , Hakwan Lau

The application of "machine learning" and "artificial intelligence" has become popular within the last decade. Both terms are frequently used in science and media, sometimes interchangeably, sometimes with different meanings. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Niklas Kühl , Marc Goutier , Robin Hirt , Gerhard Satzger

This is a follow-up tutorial article of [17] and [16], in this paper, we will introduce several important cognitive functions of the brain. Brain cognitive functions are the mental processes that allow us to receive, select, store,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-07-08 Jiawei Zhang

Decades of research in artificial intelligence (AI) have produced formidable technologies that are providing immense benefit to industry, government, and society. AI systems can now translate across multiple languages, identify objects in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-08-08 Yolanda Gil , Bart Selman

In most conversations about explanation and AI, the recipient of the explanation (the explainee) is suspiciously absent, despite the problem being ultimately communicative in nature. We pose the problem `explaining AI systems' in terms of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Dylan Cope , Peter McBurney

Most current AI models have little ability to store and later retrieve a record or representation of what they do. In human cognition, episodic memories play an important role in both recall of the past as well as planning for the future.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Chad DeChant

Discussion of AI alignment (alignment between humans and AI systems) has focused on value alignment, broadly referring to creating AI systems that share human values. We argue that before we can even attempt to align values, it is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Sunayana Rane , Polyphony J. Bruna , Ilia Sucholutsky , Christopher Kello , Thomas L. Griffiths

The space of Artificial Intelligence entities is dominated by conversational bots. Some of them fit in our pockets and we take them everywhere we go, or allow them to be a part of human homes. Siri, Alexa, they are recognised as present in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Raluca D. Gaina , Simon M. Lucas , Diego Perez-Liebana

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an extensive scientific discipline which enables computer systems to solve problems by emulating complex biological processes such as learning, reasoning and self-correction. This paper presents a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-16 Javier Mata , Ignacio de Miguel , Ramó n J. Durá n , Noemí Merayo , Sandeep Kumar Singh , Admela Jukan , Mohit Chamania

To explain consciousness as a physical process we must acknowledge the role of energy in the brain. Energetic activity is fundamental to all physical processes and causally drives biological behaviour. Recent neuroscientific evidence can be…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-10-15 Robert Pepperell

Recent advances in machine learning have dramatically improved our ability to model language, vision, and other high-dimensional data, yet they continue to struggle with one of the most fundamental aspects of biological systems: movement.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Melanie Segado , Felipe Parodi , Jordan K. Matelsky , Michael L. Platt , Eva B. Dyer , Konrad P. Kording

Several guiding principles for thought processes are proposed and a neural-network-type model implementing these principles is presented and studied. We suggest to consider thinking within an associative network built-up of overlapping…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2007-05-23 Claudius Gros

Human beings are considered as the most intelligent species on Earth. The ability to think, to create, to innovate, are the key elements which make humans superior over other existing species on Earth. Machines lack all those elements,…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Ravin Kumar

Can AI solve all math? What do we actually mean by doing mathematics? How do we communicate mathematics? What is mathematics beyond problem solving? This essay is my attempt to answer these questions.

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-09-22 Petra Schwer