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It is shown that the Unruh effect, i.e. the increase in temperature indicated by a uniformly accelerated thermometer in an inertial vacuum state of a quantum field, cannot be interpreted as the result of an exchange of heat with a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-03-08 Detlev Buchholz , Rainer Verch

A uniformly accelerated atom in an inertial vacuum generally thermalizes and reaches a Gibbs state. This phenomenon is commonly known as the Unruh effect. Here, we show that the situation is entirely different for the many-atoms problem. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Saptarshi Saha , Chiranjeeb Singha , Pragna Das , Arpan Chatterjee

A uniformly accelerated system will get thermally excited due to interactions with the vacuum fluctuations of the quantum fields. This is the Unruh effect. Also a system accelerated in a circular orbit will be heated, but in this case…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Jon Magne Leinaas

We derive a master equation for the reduced density matrix of a uniformly accelerating quantum detector in arbitrary dimensions, generically coupled to a field initially in its vacuum state, and analyze its late time regime. We find that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-09-06 Julio Arrechea , Carlos Barceló , Luis J. Garay , Gerardo García-Moreno

Macroscopic concepts pertaining to the Unruh effect are elaborated and used to clarify its physical manifestations. Based on a description of the motion of accelerated, spatially extended laboratories in Minkowski space in terms of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-12-16 Detlev Buchholz , Rainer Verch

The Unruh effect states that a uniformly linearly accelerated observer with proper acceleration $a$ experiences the Minkowski vacuum as a thermal state at temperature $T_U=a/(2\pi)$. An observer in uniform circular motion experiences a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-06-29 Cameron R. D. Bunney , Jorma Louko

The study of the Unruh effect naturally raises the interest for a deeper understanding of the analogy between temperature and acceleration. A recurring question is whether an accelerated frame can be distinguished from an inertial thermal…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-07-01 A. P. C. M. Lima , G. Alencar , R. R. Landim

The Unruh effect predicts that an accelerated observer perceives the Minkowski vacuum as a thermal bath, but its direct observation requires extreme accelerations beyond current experimental reach. Foundational theory [Olson & Ralph, Phys.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Zhenghao Luo , Yi Li , Xingyu Zhao , Zihan Xie , Zehua Tian , Yiheng Lin

We give a complete and rigorous proof of the Unruh effect, in the following form. We show that the state of a two-level system, uniformly accelerated with proper acceleration $a$, and coupled to a scalar bose field initially in the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2008-11-26 S. De Bievre , M. Merkli

In contrast to recent criticism we undertake to show that the notion of Unruh temperature describes a real thermal property of the vacuum if viewed from an accelerated reference frame. We embed our investigation in a more general analysis…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-11-08 Manfred Requardt

The Unruh effect, central to quantum field theory in curved spacetime, states that uniformly accelerated observers perceive the Minkowski vacuum as a thermal ensemble of Rindler excitations. Building on this foundation and drawing analogies…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Kevin Player

The master equation describing the completely positive time evolution of a uniformly accelerated two-level system in weak interaction with a scalar field in the Minkowski vacuum is derived and explicitly solved. It encodes the well known…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 F. Benatti , R. Floreanini

We show under what conditions an accelerated detector (e.g., an atom/ion/molecule) thermalizes while interacting with the vacuum state of a quantum field in a setup where the detector's acceleration alternates sign across multiple optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-09 Silas Vriend , Daniel Grimmer , Eduardo Martín-Martínez

The Unruh effect is the phenomenon that accelerated observers detect particles even when inertial observers experience the vacuum state. In particular, uniformly accelerated observers are predicted to measure thermal radiation that is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-06 Luis C. Barbado , Esteban Castro-Ruiz , Luca Apadula , Časlav Brukner

Utilizing quantum coherence monotone, we reexamine the thermal nature of the Unruh effect of an accelerating detector. We consider an UDW detector coupling to a n-dimensional conformal field in Minkowski spacetime, whose response spectrum…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-05-20 Jun Feng , Jing-Jun Zhang , Yihao Zhou

The Unruh effect predicts that a uniformly accelerated observer perceives the vacuum seen by an inertial observer as a thermal bath at a temperature proportional to its proper acceleration. This phenomenon is often regarded as a flat…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-23 Yuebing Zhou , Jiawei Hu , Hongwei Yu

We study the generalized Unruh effect for accelerated reference frames that include rotation in addition to acceleration. We focus particularly on the case where the motion is planar, with presence of a static limit in addition to the event…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-10 Jan Ivar Korsbakken , Jon Magne Leinaas

The Unruh effect states that a uniformly linearly accelerated observer with proper acceleration $a$ experiences Minkowski vacuum as a thermal state in the temperature $T_{\text{lin}} = a/(2\pi)$, operationally measurable via the detailed…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-03-28 Steffen Biermann , Sebastian Erne , Cisco Gooding , Jorma Louko , Jörg Schmiedmayer , William G. Unruh , Silke Weinfurtner

We study the influence of the thermal background on the existence of the anti-Unruh effect. For the massless scalar field, we present that the anti-Unruh effect can appear when the detector is accelerated in the thermal field, which is…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-05-30 Yongjie Pan , Baocheng Zhang

We study the phenomenon of Unruh effect in a massless scalar field theory quantized on the light-front in the general light-front frame. We determine the uniformly accelerating coordinates in such a frame and through a direct transformation…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Ashok Das , J. Frenkel , Silvana Perez
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