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Grammatical error correction (GEC) aims to correct grammatical, spelling, and semantic errors in natural language text. With the growing of large language models (LLMs), direct text generation has gradually become the focus of the GEC…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Wei Li , Wen Luo , Guangyue Peng , Houfeng Wang

While large-scale language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in specific natural language processing (NLP) tasks, they may still lack proficiency compared to specialized models in certain domains, such as grammatical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Tao Fang , Derek F. Wong , Lusheng Zhang , Keyan Jin , Qiang Zhang , Tianjiao Li , Jinlong Hou , Lidia S. Chao

Quality estimation models have been developed to assess the corrections made by grammatical error correction (GEC) models when the reference or gold-standard corrections are not available. An ideal quality estimator can be utilized to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Muhammad Reza Qorib , Hwee Tou Ng

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) faces a critical challenge concerning explainability, notably when GEC systems are designed for language learners. Existing research predominantly focuses on explaining grammatical errors extracted in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Jingheng Ye , Shang Qin , Yinghui Li , Hai-Tao Zheng , Shen Wang , Qingsong Wen

With the rise of globalisation, code-switching (CSW) has become a ubiquitous part of multilingual conversation, posing new challenges for natural language processing (NLP), especially in Grammatical Error Correction (GEC). This work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Tom Potter , Zheng Yuan

Reference-free evaluation metrics for grammatical error correction (GEC) have achieved high correlation with human judgments. However, these metrics are not designed to evaluate adversarial systems that aim to obtain unjustifiably high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Takumi Goto , Yusuke Sakai , Taro Watanabe

Despite the huge progress in myriad generation tasks, pretrained language models (LMs) such as GPT2 still tend to generate repetitive texts with maximization-based decoding algorithms for open-ended generation. We attribute their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Jian Guan , Minlie Huang

We treat grammatical error correction (GEC) as a classification problem in this study, where for different types of errors, a target word is identified, and the classifier predicts the correct word form from a set of possible choices. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-03 Zhu Kaili , Chuan Wang , Ruobing Li , Yang Liu , Tianlei Hu , Hui Lin

Click data collected by modern recommendation systems are an important source of observational data that can be utilized to train learning-to-rank (LTR) systems. However, these data suffer from a number of biases that can result in poor…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-05-13 Zohreh Ovaisi , Ragib Ahsan , Yifan Zhang , Kathryn Vasilaky , Elena Zheleva

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is a task of detecting and correcting grammatical errors in sentences. Recently, neural machine translation systems have become popular approaches for this task. However, these methods lack the use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-08 Zhaohong Wan , Xiaojun Wan

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used to evaluate natural language generation tasks as automated metrics. However, the likelihood, a measure of LLM's plausibility for a sentence, can vary due to superficial differences in sentences,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Masanari Oi , Masahiro Kaneko , Ryuto Koike , Mengsay Loem , Naoaki Okazaki

We propose a neural encoder-decoder model with reinforcement learning (NRL) for grammatical error correction (GEC). Unlike conventional maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), the model directly optimizes towards an objective that considers a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-04 Keisuke Sakaguchi , Matt Post , Benjamin Van Durme

In recent years, sequence-to-sequence models have been very effective for end-to-end grammatical error correction (GEC). As creating human-annotated parallel corpus for GEC is expensive and time-consuming, there has been work on artificial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Phu Mon Htut , Joel Tetreault

Various evaluation metrics have been proposed for Grammatical Error Correction (GEC), but many, particularly reference-free metrics, lack explainability. This lack of explainability hinders researchers from analyzing the strengths and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Takumi Goto , Justin Vasselli , Taro Watanabe

Grammatical error correction (GEC) suffers from a lack of sufficient parallel data. Therefore, GEC studies have developed various methods to generate pseudo data, which comprise pairs of grammatical and artificially produced ungrammatical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Aomi Koyama , Kengo Hotate , Masahiro Kaneko , Mamoru Komachi

Grammatical error correction can be viewed as a low-resource sequence-to-sequence task, because publicly available parallel corpora are limited. To tackle this challenge, we first generate erroneous versions of large unannotated corpora…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Yo Joong Choe , Jiyeon Ham , Kyubyong Park , Yeoil Yoon

Progress in neural grammatical error correction (GEC) is hindered by the lack of annotated training data. Sufficient amounts of high-quality manually annotated data are not available, so recent research has relied on generating synthetic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Andrey Bout , Alexander Podolskiy , Sergey Nikolenko , Irina Piontkovskaya

Recent studies have demonstrated that large language models (LLMs) exhibit significant biases in evaluation tasks, particularly in preferentially rating and favoring self-generated content. However, the extent to which this bias manifests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yen-Shan Chen , Jing Jin , Peng-Ting Kuo , Chao-Wei Huang , Yun-Nung Chen

The meteoric rise in text generation capability has been accompanied by parallel growth in interest in machine-generated text detection: the capability to identify whether a given text was generated using a model or written by a person.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Kevin Stowe , Svetlana Afanaseva , Rodolfo Raimundo , Yitao Sun , Kailash Patil

A model is considered well-calibrated when its probability estimate aligns with the actual likelihood of the output being correct. Calibrating language models (LMs) is crucial, as it plays a vital role in detecting and mitigating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Xin Liu , Muhammad Khalifa , Lu Wang