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The new dual-pivot Quicksort by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy - used in Oracle's Java runtime library since version 7 - features intriguing asymmetries. They make a basic variant of this algorithm use less comparisons than classic single-pivot…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-08-11 Sebastian Wild , Markus E. Nebel , Conrado Martínez

Sorting algorithms have attracted a great deal of attention and study, as they have numerous applications to Mathematics, Computer Science and related fields. In this thesis, we first deal with the mathematical analysis of the Quicksort…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-10-05 Vasileios Iliopoulos

Most previous studies of the sorting algorithm QuickSort have used the number of key comparisons as a measure of the cost of executing the algorithm. Here we suppose that the n independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) keys are each…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-03-14 James Allen Fill

In 2009, Oracle replaced the long-serving sorting algorithm in its Java 7 runtime library by a new dual-pivot Quicksort variant due to Vladimir Yaroslavskiy. The decision was based on the strikingly good performance of Yaroslavskiy's…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-02-16 Sebastian Wild , Markus E. Nebel , Ralph Neininger

MergeInsertion, also known as the Ford-Johnson algorithm, is a sorting algorithm which, up to today, for many input sizes achieves the best known upper bound on the number of comparisons. Indeed, it gets extremely close to the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-05-24 Florian Stober , Armin Weiß

We consider the problem of sorting $n$ items, given the outcomes of $m$ pre-existing comparisons. We present a simple and natural deterministic algorithm that runs in $O(m + \log T)$ time and does $O(\log T)$ comparisons, where $T$ is the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Bernhard Haeupler , Richard Hladík , John Iacono , Vaclav Rozhon , Robert Tarjan , Jakub Tětek

We consider a multi-pivot QuickSort algorithm using $K\in\mathbb{N}$ pivot elements to partition a nonsorted list into $K+1$ sublists in order to proceed recursively on these sublists. For the partitioning stage, various strategies are in…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-05-01 Cecilia Holmgren , Jasper Ischebeck , Daniel Krenn , Florian Lesny , Ralph Neininger

FAST problem is finding minimum feedback arc set problem in tournaments. In this paper we present some algorithms that are similar to sorting algorithms for FAST problem and we analyze them. We present Pseudo_InsertionSort algorithm for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-10-16 Sadra Mohammadshirazi , Alireza Bagheri

Various decision support systems are available that implement Data Mining and Data Warehousing techniques for diving into the sea of data for getting useful patterns of knowledge (pearls). Classification, regression, clustering, and many…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Mohammad Khalid Imam Rahmani

Since the work of Kaligosi and Sanders (2006), it is well-known that Quicksort -- which is commonly considered as one of the fastest in-place sorting algorithms -- suffers in an essential way from branch mispredictions. We present a novel…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-06-27 Stefan Edelkamp , Armin Weiß

I prove that the average number of comparisons for median-of-$k$ Quicksort (with fat-pivot a.k.a. three-way partitioning) is asymptotically only a constant $\alpha_k$ times worse than the lower bound for sorting random multisets with…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-05-07 Sebastian Wild

QuickXsort is a strategy to combine Quicksort with another sorting method X, so that the result has essentially the same comparison cost as X in isolation, but sorts in place even when X requires a linear-size buffer. We solve the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-05-07 Sebastian Wild

We consider the problem of sorting $n$ elements in the case of \emph{persistent} comparison errors. In this model (Braverman and Mossel, SODA'08), each comparison between two elements can be wrong with some fixed (small) probability $p$,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-23 Barbara Geissmann , Stefano Leucci , Chih-Hung Liu , Paolo Penna

We consider the problem of sorting $n$ elements subject to persistent random comparison errors. In this problem, each comparison between two elements can be wrong with some fixed (small) probability $p$, and comparing the same pair of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Barbara Geissmann , Stefano Leucci , Chih-Hung Liu , Paolo Penna

We present two stable mergesort variants, "peeksort" and "powersort", that exploit existing runs and find nearly-optimal merging orders with practically negligible overhead. Previous methods either require substantial effort for determining…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-05-07 J. Ian Munro , Sebastian Wild

We analyse a generalisation of the Quicksort algorithm, where k uniformly at random chosen pivots are used for partitioning an array of n distinct keys. Specifically, the expected cost of this scheme is obtained, under the assumption of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Vasileios Iliopoulos

We prove that \Omega(n log(n)) comparisons are necessary for any quantum algorithm that sorts n numbers with high success probability and uses only comparisons. If no error is allowed, at least 0.110nlog_2(n) - 0.067n + O(1) comparisons…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Yaoyun Shi

One of the greatest algorithms of all time is Quicksort. Its average running time is famously O(nlog(n)), and its variance, less famously, is O(n^2) (hence its standard deviation is O(n)). But what about higher moments? Here we find…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-03-12 Shalosh B. Ekhad , Doron Zeilberger

Recent work by Google DeepMind introduced assembly-optimized sorting networks that achieve faster performance for small fixed-size arrays (3-8). In this research, we investigate the integration of these networks as base cases in classical…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Anas Gamal Aly , Anders E. Jensen , Hala ElAarag

Much of the copious literature on the subject of sorting has concentrated on minimizing the number of comparisons and/or exchanges/copies. However, a more appropriate yardstick for the performance of sorting algorithms is based on the total…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-12-03 R. C. Hillyard , Yunlu Liaozheng , Sai Vineeth K. R