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In this tutorial we summarize the physics and mathematics behind refractive electromagnetic wave bending and delay. Refractive bending and delay through the Earth's atmosphere at both radio/millimetric and optical/IR wavelengths are…
We present a comprehensive study of one method for measuring various parameters of global modes of oscillation of the Sun. Using velocity data taken by the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI), we analyze spherical harmonic degrees l <= 300. Both…
The motions of the plasma and structures in and below the solar photosphere is not well understood. The results obtained using various methods cannot be in general considered as consistent, especially in details. In this contribution we…
Atmospheric tides can strongly affect the rotational dynamics of planets. In the family of Earth-like planets, such as Venus, this physical mechanism coupled with solid tides makes the angular velocity evolve over long timescales and…
The Helioseismic Magnetic Imager (HMI) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) records line-of-sight Dopplergram images of convective flows on the surface. These images are used to obtain the multi-scale convective spectrum. We design…
We present a unified method to derive both solar wind velocities and coronal electron densities in the near-Sun corona using Doppler spectral broadening of spacecraft radio signals. The method is generalized to be frequency independent…
The transverse and longitudinal Doppler effects of the sunbeam spectra are shown to result in the earth parameters such as the earth-self rotation and revolution velocities, the earth orbit semi-major axis, the earth orbital angular…
The elemental composition of the Sun's hot atmosphere, the corona, shows a distinctive pattern that is different than the underlying surface, or photosphere (Pottasch 1963). Elements that are easy to ionize in the chromosphere are enhanced…
The next decade will be an exciting period for solar astrophysics, as new ground- and space-based instrumentation will provide unprecedented observations of the solar atmosphere and heliosphere. The synergy between modeling effort and…
Observations of quiet Sun from the Solar Optical Telescope/Spectro-Polarimeter (SOT/SP) aboard the Hinode spacecraft would reveal the magnetic characters of the solar photosphere. By making use of the deep mode observations of three quiet…
Magnetic features on the surfaces of cool stars cause variations of their brightness. Such variations have been extensively studied for the Sun. Recent planet-hunting space telescopes allowed measuring brightness variations in hundred…
The interface between the bright solar surface and the million-degree corona continues to hold the key to many unsolved problems in solar physics. Advances in instrumentation now allow us to observe the dynamic structures of the solar…
For the sake of complete theoretical research of atmospheric refraction, the atmospheric refraction under the condition of lower angles of elevation is still worthy to be analyzed and explored. In some engineering applications, the objects…
Ground-based astro-geodetic observations and atmospheric occultations, are two examples of observational techniques requiring a scrutiny analysis of atmospheric refraction. In both cases, the measured changes in observables are…
Monitoring the evolution of the anthropogenic light emissions is a priority task in light pollution research. Among the complementary approaches that can be adopted to achieve this goal stand out those based on measuring the direct radiance…
Many phenomena taking place in the solar photosphere are controlled by plasma motions. Although the line-of-sight component of the velocity can be estimated using the Doppler effect, we do not have direct spectroscopic access to the…
Solar oscillations consist of a rich spectrum of internal acoustic waves and surface gravity waves, stochastically excited by turbulent convection. They have been monitored almost continuously over the last ten years with high-precision…
Many of the planets discovered via the radial velocity technique are hot Jupiters in 3-5 day orbits with ~10$% chance of transiting their parent star. However, radial velocity surveys for extra-solar planets generally require substantial…
The solar wind is a dynamic plasma outflow that shapes heliospheric conditions and drives space weather. Identifying its large-scale phenomena is crucial, yet the increasing volume of high-cadence Parker Solar Probe (PSP) observations poses…
Extreme precision radial-velocity spectrometers enable extreme precision stellar spectroscopy. Searches for low-mass exoplanets around solar-type stars are limited by the physical variability in stellar spectra, such as the short-term…