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Quantum repeaters can overcome exponential photon loss in optical fibers, enabling heralded entanglement between distant quantum memories. The definitive benchmark for this entanglement is Bell nonlocality; however, recent…

Quantum communication holds a promise for absolutely secure transmission of secret messages and faithful transfer of unknown quantum states. Photonic channels appear to be very attractive for physical implementation of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Lu-Ming Duan , Mikhail Lukin , Ignacio Cirac , Peter Zoller

Quantum networking protocols, including quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping, use linear-optical Bell state measurements for heralding the distribution and transfer of quantum information. However, a linear-optical Bell state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-23 Joshua Akin , Yunlei Zhao , Paul G. Kwiat , Elizabeth A. Goldschmidt , Kejie Fang

Quantum optical states are fragile and can become corrupted when passed through a lossy communication channel. Unlike for classical signals, optical amplifiers cannot be used to recover quantum signals. Quantum repeaters have been proposed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-15 Josephine Dias , Timothy C Ralph

The development of quantum repeaters poses significant challenges in terms of cost and maintenance, prompting the exploration of alternative approaches for achieving long-distance quantum communication. In the absence of quantum repeaters…

Quantum repeaters are enabling technologies for long-distance quantum communications. Despite the significant progress in the field, we still not only face implementation challenges but also need theoretical solutions that better meet all…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-04 Javier Rey-Domínguez , Mohsen Razavi

Quantum repeaters hold the promise to prevent the photon losses in communication channels. Most recently, the serious efforts have been applied to achieve scalable distribution of entanglement over long distances. However, the probabilistic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-10-13 D. Aghamalyan , Yu. Malakyan

Quantum repeaters provide an efficient solution to distribute Bell pairs over arbitrarily long distances. While scalable architectures are demanding regarding the number of qubits that need to be controlled, here we present a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-10 M. Zwerger , B. P. Lanyon , T. E. Northup , C. A. Muschik , W. Dür , N. Sangouard

Entanglement distribution through existing telecommunication infrastructure is crucial for realizing large-scale quantum networks. However, distance limitations imposed by photon losses and the no-cloning theorem present significant…

Quantum teleportation has proven to be fundamental for many quantum information and communication processes. The core concept can be exploited in many tasks, from the transmission of quantum states, quantum repeaters, to quantum computing.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-23 Simone E. D'Aurelio , Matthias J. Bayerbach , Stefanie Barz

Quantum networks (QNs) are a promising platform for secure communications, enhanced sensing, and efficient distributed quantum computing. However, due to the fragile nature of quantum states, these networks face significant challenges in…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Mahdi Chehimi , Shahrooz Pouryousef , Nitish K. Panigrahy , Don Towsley , Walid Saad

Quantum repeaters enable the generation of reliable entanglement across long distances despite the underlying channel noise. Nevertheless, realizing quantum repeaters poses a difficult engineering challenge due to various device constraints…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-29 Shin Sun , Daniel Bhatti , Shaobo Gao , David Elkouss , Hiroki Takahashi

We propose a repeat-until-success protocol to improve the performance of probabilistic quantum repeaters. Quantum repeaters rely on passive static linear optics elements and photodetectors to perform Bell-state measurements (BSMs).…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-10 David Edward Bruschi , Thomas M. Barlow , Mohsen Razavi , Almut Beige

Quantum teleportation is a fundamental concept in quantum physics which now finds important applications at the heart of quantum technology including quantum relays, quantum repeaters and linear optics quantum computing (LOQC). Photonic…

The field of quantum communications promises the faithful distribution of quantum information, quantum entanglement, and absolutely secret keys. However, the highest rates of these tasks are fundamentally limited by the transmission…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-16 Matthew Winnel

Bell state measurements, which project bipartite qubit systems onto the maximally entangled Bell basis, are central to a wide range of quantum information processing tasks, including quantum teleportation, entanglement swapping, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Luca Bianchi , Carlo Marconi , Davide Bacco

Despite the tremendous progress of quantum cryptography, efficient quantum communication over long distances (>1000km) remains an outstanding challenge due to fiber attenuation and operation errors accumulated over the entire communication…

Decoherence is detrimental to quantum key distribution (QKD) over large distances. One of the proposed solutions is to use quantum repeaters, which divide the total distance between the users into smaller segments to minimise the effects of…

Entanglement swapping is a fundamental building block for realizing first-generation quantum repeaters, which are essential for building global quantum networks. Current quantum repeater systems still struggle to achieve practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-20 Baghdasar Baghdasaryan , Kaushik Joarder , Fabian Steinlechner

In present-day quantum communications, one of the main problems is the lack of a quantum repeater design that can simultaneously secure high rates and long distances. Recent literature has established the end-to-end capacities that are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-16 Masoud Ghalaii , Stefano Pirandola