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Current progress in artificial intelligence is centered around so-called large language models that consist of neural networks processing long sequences of high-dimensional vectors called tokens. Statistical physics provides powerful tools…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-11-13 Vittorio Erba , Emanuele Troiani , Luca Biggio , Antoine Maillard , Lenka Zdeborová

Friction systems are mechanical systems wherein friction is used for force transmission (e.g. mechanical braking systems or automatic gearboxes). For finding optimal and safe design parameters, engineers have to predict friction system…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Gabriel Kronberger , Michael Kommenda , Andreas Promberger , Falk Nickel

Reward models are used throughout the post-training of language models to capture nuanced signals from preference data and provide a training target for optimization across instruction following, reasoning, safety, and more domains. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Saumya Malik , Valentina Pyatkin , Sander Land , Jacob Morrison , Noah A. Smith , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Nathan Lambert

Neurosymbolic learning enables the integration of symbolic reasoning with deep learning but faces significant challenges in scaling to complex symbolic programs, large datasets, or both. We introduce DOLPHIN, a framework that tackles these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Aaditya Naik , Jason Liu , Claire Wang , Amish Sethi , Saikat Dutta , Mayur Naik , Eric Wong

Understanding how systems evolve over time often requires discovering the differential equations that govern their behavior. Automatically learning these equations from experimental data is challenging when the data are noisy or limited,…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2025-11-19 Oriol Cabanas-Tirapu , Sergio Cobo-Lopez , Savannah E. Sanchez , Forest L. Rohwer , Marta Sales-Pardo , Roger Guimerà

Generative models have demonstrated human-level proficiency in various benchmarks across domains like programming, natural sciences, and general knowledge. Despite these promising results on competitive benchmarks, they still struggle with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Victor-Alexandru Pădurean , Adish Singla

Discovering a meaningful symbolic expression that explains experimental data is a fundamental challenge in many scientific fields. We present a novel, open-source computational framework called Scientist-Machine Equation Detector (SciMED),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Liron Simon Keren , Alex Liberzon , Teddy Lazebnik

Symbolic regression (SR) is a powerful technique for discovering the analytical mathematical expression from data, finding various applications in natural sciences due to its good interpretability of results. However, existing methods face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Xieting Chu , Hongjue Zhao , Enze Xu , Hairong Qi , Minghan Chen , Huajie Shao

In recent years, neuro-symbolic methods have become a popular and powerful approach that augments artificial intelligence systems with the capability to perform abstract, logical, and quantitative deductions with enhanced precision and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Yuxuan Wu , Hideki Nakayama

Interpretability is crucial for machine learning in many scenarios such as quantitative finance, banking, healthcare, etc. Symbolic regression (SR) is a classic interpretable machine learning method by bridging X and Y using mathematical…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-01-17 Ying Jin , Weilin Fu , Jian Kang , Jiadong Guo , Jian Guo

Mathematical expressions play a central role in scientific discovery. Symbolic regression aims to automatically discover such expressions from given numerical data. Recently, Neural symbolic regression (NSR) methods that involve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Shun Sato , Issei Sato

Accurate and explainable artificial-intelligence (AI) models are promising tools for the acceleration of the discovery of new materials, ore new applications for existing materials. Recently, symbolic regression has become an increasingly…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2023-05-03 Thomas A. R. Purcell , Matthias Scheffler , Luca M. Ghiringhelli

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results across various tasks, yet their reasoning capabilities remain a fundamental challenge. Developing AI systems with strong reasoning capabilities is regarded as a crucial milestone in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Xiao-Wen Yang , Jie-Jing Shao , Lan-Zhe Guo , Bo-Wen Zhang , Zhi Zhou , Lin-Han Jia , Wang-Zhou Dai , Yu-Feng Li

We present on-line policy gradient algorithms for computing the locally optimal policy of a constrained, average cost, finite state Markov Decision Process. The stochastic approximation algorithms require estimation of the gradient of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-12-18 Vikram Krishnamurthy , Felisa Vazquez Abad

Exact structured inference with neural network scoring functions is computationally challenging but several methods have been proposed for approximating inference. One approach is to perform gradient descent with respect to the output…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Lifu Tu , Kevin Gimpel

The length and time scales of atomistic simulations are limited by the computational cost of the methods used to predict material properties. In recent years there has been great progress in the use of machine learning algorithms to develop…

Computational Physics · Physics 2022-11-03 Alberto Hernandez , Adarsh Balasubramanian , Fenglin Yuan , Simon Mason , Tim Mueller

The study and understanding of human behaviour is relevant to computer science, artificial intelligence, neural computation, cognitive science, philosophy, psychology, and several other areas. Presupposing cognition as basis of behaviour,…

Comparing model performances on benchmark datasets is an integral part of measuring and driving progress in artificial intelligence. A model's performance on a benchmark dataset is commonly assessed based on a single or a small set of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Kathrin Blagec , Georg Dorffner , Milad Moradi , Matthias Samwald

Symbolic regression is the machine learning method for learning functions from data. After a brief overview of the symbolic regression landscape, I will describe the two main challenges that traditional algorithms face: they have an unknown…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-18 Harry Desmond

Reinforcement learning has recently experienced increased prominence in the machine learning community. There are many approaches to solving reinforcement learning problems with new techniques developed constantly. When solving problems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-14 Belinda Stapelberg , Katherine M. Malan