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In this paper we revisit some major orthodoxies which lie at the heart of the bitcoin crypto currency and its numerous clones. In particular we look at The Longest Chain Rule, the monetary supply policies and the exact mechanisms which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-12-11 Nicolas T. Courtois

The disruptive technology of blockchain can deliver secure solutions without the need for a central authority. In blockchain protocols, assets that belong to a participant are controlled through the private key of an asymmetric key pair…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Mehmet Aydar , Salih Cemil Cetin , Serkan Ayvaz , Betul Aygun

Serving as the first touch point for users to the cryptocurrency world, cryptocurrency wallets allow users to manage, receive, and transmit digital assets on blockchain networks and interact with emerging decentralized finance (DeFi)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Xiaohui Hu , Ningyu He , Haoyu Wang

Air-gapped networks are wired with Ethernet cables since wireless connections are strictly prohibited. In this paper we present LANTENNA - a new type of electromagnetic attack allowing adversaries to leak sensitive data from isolated,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Mordechai Guri

The average cryptocurrency user today faces a difficult choice between centralized custodial wallets, which are notoriously prone to spontaneous collapse, or cumbersome self-custody solutions, which if not managed properly can cause a total…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Vivek Nair , Dawn Song

Airdrops are a popular method of distributing cryptocurrencies and tokens. While often considered risk-free from the point of view of recipients, their impact on privacy is easily overlooked. We examine the Clam airdrop of 2014, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-09-17 Martin Harrigan , Lei Shi , Jacob Illum

The SECP256K1 elliptic curve algorithm is fundamental in cryptocurrency wallets for generating secure public keys from private keys, thereby ensuring the protection and ownership of blockchain-based digital assets. However, the literature…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Joel Poncha Lemayian , Ghyslain Gagnon , Kaiwen Zhang , Pascal Giard

It has been assumed that the physical separation (air-gap) of computers provides a reliable level of security, such that should two adjacent computers become compromised, the covert exchange of data between them would be impossible. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-03-30 Mordechai Guri , Matan Monitz , Yisroel Mirski , Yuval Elovici

In this paper we show how attackers can covertly leak data (e.g., encryption keys, passwords and files) from highly secure or air-gapped networks via the row of status LEDs that exists in networking equipment such as LAN switches and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-06-06 Mordechai Guri , Boris Zadov , Andrey Daidakulov , Yuval Elovici

In this paper we present a method which allows attackers to covertly leak data from isolated, air-gapped computers. Our method utilizes the hard disk drive (HDD) activity LED which exists in most of today's desktop PCs, laptops and servers.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-02-23 Mordechai Guri , Boris Zadov , Eran Atias , Yuval Elovici

We propose a privacy-preserving smart wallet with a novel invitation-based private onboarding mechanism. The solution integrates two levels of compliance in concert with an authority party: a proof of innocence mechanism and an ancestral…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Andrea Rizzini , Marco Esposito , Francesco Bruschi , Donatella Sciuto

Because computers may contain or interact with sensitive information, they are often air-gapped and in this way kept isolated and disconnected from the Internet. In recent years the ability of malware to communicate over an air-gap by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-06-21 Mordechai Guri , Yosef Solewicz , Andrey Daidakulov , Yuval Elovici

In this study, we overview the problems associated with the usability of cryptocurrency wallets, such as those used by ZCash, for end-users. The concept of "holistic privacy," where information leaks in one part of a system can violate the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Harry Halpin

Air-gapped computers are disconnected from the Internet physically and logically. This measure is taken in order to prevent the leakage of sensitive data from secured networks. In the past, it has been shown that malware can exfiltrate data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-08-12 Mordechai Guri , Yosef Solewicz , Andrey Daidakulov , Yuval Elovici

In this paper, we show that attackers can leak data from isolated, air-gapped computers to nearby smartphones via covert magnetic signals. The proposed covert channel works even if a smartphone is kept inside a Faraday shielding case, which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-02-08 Mordechai Guri , Andrey Daidakulov , Yuval Elovici

Local fine-tuning datasets routinely contain sensitive secrets such as API keys, personal identifiers, and financial records. Although ''local offline fine-tuning'' is often viewed as a privacy boundary, we reveal that compromised model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Zi Li , Tian Zhou , Wenze Li , Jingyu Hua , Yunlong Mao , Sheng Zhong

Blockchain address poisoning is an emerging phishing attack that crafts "similar-looking" transfer records in the victim's transaction history, which aims to deceive victims and lure them into mistakenly transferring funds to the attacker.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Shixuan Guan , Kai Li

Air-gap covert channels are special types of covert communication channels that enable attackers to exfiltrate data from isolated, network-less computers. Various types of air-gap covert channels have been demonstrated over the years,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-15 Mordechai Guri

Air-gapped computers are computers which are kept isolated from the Internet, because they store and process sensitive information. When highly sensitive data is involved, an air-gapped computer might also be kept secluded in a Faraday…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-02-09 Mordechai Guri , Boris Zadov , Andrey Daidakulov , Yuval Elovici

Forty years ago, Wiesner pointed out that quantum mechanics raises the striking possibility of money that cannot be counterfeited according to the laws of physics. We propose the first quantum money scheme that is (1) public-key, meaning…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-09-18 Scott Aaronson , Paul Christiano