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In this work we investigate the reasons why Batch Normalization (BN) improves the generalization performance of deep networks. We argue that one major reason, distinguishing it from data-independent normalization methods, is randomness of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-05 Alexander Shekhovtsov , Boris Flach

Normalization methods are a central building block in the deep learning toolbox. They accelerate and stabilize training, while decreasing the dependence on manually tuned learning rate schedules. When learning from multi-modal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-15 Lucas Deecke , Iain Murray , Hakan Bilen

Normalization techniques have been widely used in the field of deep learning due to their capability of enabling higher learning rates and are less careful in initialization. However, the effectiveness of popular normalization technologies…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Afifa Khaled , Chao Li , Jia Ning , Kun He

Batch normalization (BN) is a key facilitator and considered essential for state-of-the-art binary neural networks (BNN). However, the BN layer is costly to calculate and is typically implemented with non-binary parameters, leaving a hurdle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Tianlong Chen , Zhenyu Zhang , Xu Ouyang , Zechun Liu , Zhiqiang Shen , Zhangyang Wang

While the authors of Batch Normalization (BN) identify and address an important problem involved in training deep networks-- Internal Covariate Shift-- the current solution has certain drawbacks. Specifically, BN depends on batch statistics…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-07-13 Devansh Arpit , Yingbo Zhou , Bhargava U. Kota , Venu Govindaraju

Regularization is a set of techniques that are used to improve the generalization ability of deep neural networks. In this paper, we introduce spectral batch normalization (SBN), a novel effective method to improve generalization by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Rinor Cakaj , Jens Mehnert , Bin Yang

Existing continual learning methods use Batch Normalization (BN) to facilitate training and improve generalization across tasks. However, the non-i.i.d and non-stationary nature of continual learning data, especially in the online setting,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Quang Pham , Chenghao Liu , Steven Hoi

Batch normalization is widely used in deep learning to normalize intermediate activations. Deep networks suffer from notoriously increased training complexity, mandating careful initialization of weights, requiring lower learning rates,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-19 Lakshmi Annamalai , Chetan Singh Thakur

Batch normalization (BN) is central to modern deep networks, but its effect on the realized function during training remains less understood than its optimization benefits. We study training-time BN in continuous piecewise-affine (CPA)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xuan Qi , Yi Wei , Fanqi Yu , Furao Shen , Vittorio Murino , Cigdem Beyan

Batch Normalization (BN) is a milestone technique in the development of deep learning, enabling various networks to train. However, normalizing along the batch dimension introduces problems --- BN's error increases rapidly when the batch…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-13 Yuxin Wu , Kaiming He

Batch normalization (BN) is a milestone technique in deep learning. It normalizes the activation using mini-batch statistics during training but the estimated population statistics during inference. This paper focuses on investigating the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Lei Huang , Yi Zhou , Tian Wang , Jie Luo , Xianglong Liu

Batch Normalization (BN) is an important preprocessing step to many deep learning applications. Since it is a data-dependent process, for some homogeneous datasets it is a redundant or even a performance-degrading process. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Wael Alsobhi , Tarik Alafif , Alaa Abdel-Hakim , Weiwei Zong

Batch Normalization (BatchNorm) is a widely adopted technique that enables faster and more stable training of deep neural networks (DNNs). Despite its pervasiveness, the exact reasons for BatchNorm's effectiveness are still poorly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-04-16 Shibani Santurkar , Dimitris Tsipras , Andrew Ilyas , Aleksander Madry

Batch normalization (BatchNorm) is a popular layer normalization technique used when training deep neural networks. It has been shown to enhance the training speed and accuracy of deep learning models. However, the mechanics by which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Hermanus L. Potgieter , Coenraad Mouton , Marelie H. Davel

Batch normalization was introduced in 2015 to speed up training of deep convolution networks by normalizing the activations across the current batch to have zero mean and unity variance. The results presented here show an interesting aspect…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-22 Mohamed Hajaj , Duncan Gillies

Continual learning entails learning a sequence of tasks and balancing their knowledge appropriately. With limited access to old training samples, much of the current work in deep neural networks has focused on overcoming catastrophic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Yilin Lyu , Liyuan Wang , Xingxing Zhang , Zicheng Sun , Hang Su , Jun Zhu , Liping Jing

Batch Normalization (BN)(Ioffe and Szegedy 2015) normalizes the features of an input image via statistics of a batch of images and hence BN will bring the noise to the gradient of the training loss. Previous works indicate that the noise is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Senwei Liang , Zhongzhan Huang , Mingfu Liang , Haizhao Yang

Batch normalization (BN) has become a critical component across diverse deep neural networks. The network with BN is invariant to positively linear re-scale transformation, which makes there exist infinite functionally equivalent networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Mingyang Yi

Intriguing empirical evidence exists that deep learning can work well with exoticschedules for varying the learning rate. This paper suggests that the phenomenon may be due to Batch Normalization or BN, which is ubiquitous and provides…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-22 Zhiyuan Li , Sanjeev Arora

Discriminative model learning for image denoising has been recently attracting considerable attentions due to its favorable denoising performance. In this paper, we take one step forward by investigating the construction of feed-forward…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-06-07 Kai Zhang , Wangmeng Zuo , Yunjin Chen , Deyu Meng , Lei Zhang