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Additive composition (Foltz et al, 1998; Landauer and Dumais, 1997; Mitchell and Lapata, 2010) is a widely used method for computing meanings of phrases, which takes the average of vector representations of the constituent words. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-04-05 Ran Tian , Naoaki Okazaki , Kentaro Inui

We characterize those $k$-automatic sets $S$ of natural numbers that form an additive basis for the natural numbers, and we show that this characterization is effective. In addition, we give an algorithm to determine the smallest $j$ such…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-10-24 Jason Bell , Kathryn Hare , Jeffrey Shallit

We investigate the additive theory of the set $S = \{1^c, 2^c, \dots, N^c\}$ when $c$ is a real number. In the language of additive combinatorics, we determine the asymptotic behaviour of the additive energy of $S$. When $c$ is rational,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-04 Joseph Harrison

The aim of this paper is to prove wordlessly the sum formula of $1^{k}+2^{k}+\ldots +n^{k}$, $k\in\{1,2,3\}$.

History and Overview · Mathematics 2022-06-16 Bikash Chakraborty

Generalizations of linear numeration systems in which the set of natural numbers is recognizable by finite automata are obtained by describing an arbitrary infinite regular language following the lexicographic ordering. For these systems of…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Pierre B. A. Lecomte , Michel Rigo

We prove that every odd number $N$ greater than 1 can be expressed as the sum of at most five primes, improving the result of Ramar\'e that every even natural number can be expressed as the sum of at most six primes. We follow the circle…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2012-07-05 Terence Tao

We consider the rooted trees which not have isomorphic representation and introduce a conception of complexity a natural number also. The connection between quantity such trees with $n$ edges and a complexity of natural number $n$ is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-05-03 B. S. Kochkarev

Let $\mathbb{N}$ be the set of natural numbers and $\mathcal{S}_r=\big\{1^r, 2^r, 3^r,\cdots\big\}$ the set of $r$-th powers, where $r\ge 2$ is a natural number. Let $\mathcal{W}_r$ be an additive complement of $\mathcal{S}_r$ and $$…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-19 Yuchen Ding , Csaba Sándor , Zihan Zhang

The rational base number system, introduced by Akiyama, Frougny, and Sakarovitch in 2008, is a generalization of the classical integer base number system. Within this framework two interesting families of infinite words emerge, called…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-04-08 Mélodie Andrieu , Shalom Eliahou , Léo Vivion

Let $t(n)$ denote the number of $1$-bits in the base-$2$ representation of $n$, taken modulo $2$. We show how to prove the classic conjecture of Leo Moser, on the rarefied sum $\sum_{0\leq i<n} (-1)^{t(3i)}$, using tools from automata…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-02-23 Jeffrey Shallit

For a fixed integer $k \ge 0$, consider representations of positive integers as sums of binomial coefficients of the form $\binom{n}{k}$. While exact minimal bounds for the number of required summands are known only in a few low-dimensional…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-29 Alexander Povolotsky

This work presents a formalization of analogy on numbers that relies on generalized means. It is motivated by recent advances in artificial intelligence and applications of machine learning, where the notion of analogy is used to infer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Yves Lepage , Miguel Couceiro

The Additive Transform of an arithmetic function represents a novel approach to examining the interplay between multiplicative arithmetic function and additive functions. This transform concept introduces a method to systematically generate…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2023-12-15 E. En-naoui

Among three natural numbers there is always one which is larger than or equal to the Nim sum of the remaining two numbers. This amazing fact has many applications.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-03-05 Christoph Hering

A natural number is a binary $k$'th power if its binary representation consists of $k$ consecutive identical blocks. We prove an analogue of Waring's theorem for sums of binary $k$'th powers. More precisely, we show that for each integer $k…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-01-16 Daniel M. Kane , Carlo Sanna , Jeffrey Shallit

A set $\mathcal{A}$ is said to be an additive $h$-basis if each element in $\{0,1,\ldots,hn\}$ can be written as an $h$-sum of elements of $\mathcal{A}$ in {\it at least} one way. We seek multiple representations as $h$-sums, and, in this…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-05-16 Anant Godbole , Zach Higgins , Zoe Koch

I propose a class of non-positional numeral systems where numbers are represented by Dyck words, with the systems arising from a recursive extension of prime factorization. After describing two proper subsets of the Dyck language capable of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Ralph L. Childress

The following system of equations {x_1 \cdot x_1=x_2, x_2 \cdot x_2=x_3, 2^{2^{x_1}}=x_3, x_4 \cdot x_5=x_2, x_6 \cdot x_7=x_2} has exactly one solution in ({\mathbb N}\{0,1})^7, namely (2,4,16,2,2,2,2). Hypothesis 1 states that if a system…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-06-30 Apoloniusz Tyszka

A graph $G$ is defined encapsulating the number theoretic notion of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic. We then provide a graph theoretic approach to the fundamental results on the coprimality of two natural numbers, through the use of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-11-20 Xandru Mifsud

This work is a contribution to the study of set of the representations of integers in a rational base number system. This prefix-closed subset of the free monoid is naturally represented as a highly non regular tree whose nodes are the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-05-30 Shigeki Akiyama , Victor Marsault , Jacques Sakarovitch