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Post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is a fundamental task in developing effective recommender systems, yet it faces challenges from data sparsity and sample selection bias. To handle both challenges, the entire space multitask…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Hao Wang , Zhichao Chen , Zhaoran Liu , Haozhe Li , Degui Yang , Xinggao Liu , Haoxuan Li

Recommender system, as an essential part of modern e-commerce, consists of two fundamental modules, namely Click-Through Rate (CTR) and Conversion Rate (CVR) prediction. While CVR has a direct impact on the purchasing volume, its prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Hong Wen , Jing Zhang , Yuan Wang , Fuyu Lv , Wentian Bao , Quan Lin , Keping Yang

Accurate estimation of post-click conversion rate is critical for building recommender systems, which has long been confronted with sample selection bias and data sparsity issues. Methods in the Entire Space Multi-task Model (ESMM) family…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Hao Wang , Tai-Wei Chang , Tianqiao Liu , Jianmin Huang , Zhichao Chen , Chao Yu , Ruopeng Li , Wei Chu

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is a vital task in many recommender systems of revenue businesses, e.g., e-commerce and advertising. In a perspective of sample, a typical CVR positive sample usually goes through a funnel of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Wei Cheng , Yucheng Lu , Boyang Xia , Jiangxia Cao , Kuan Xu , Mingxing Wen , Wei Jiang , Jiaming Zhang , Zhaojie Liu , Liyin Hong , Kun Gai , Guorui Zhou

Estimating post-click conversion rate (CVR) accurately is crucial in E-commerce. However, CVR prediction usually suffers from three major challenges in practice: i) data sparsity: compared with impressions, conversion samples are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Yanshi Wang , Jie Zhang , Qing Da , Anxiang Zeng

Industrial recommender systems are frequently tasked with approximating probabilities for multiple, often closely related, user actions. For example, predicting if a user will click on an advertisement and if they will then purchase the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Conor O'Brien , Kin Sum Liu , James Neufeld , Rafael Barreto , Jonathan J Hunt

Large-scale online recommender system spreads all over the Internet being in charge of two basic tasks: Click-Through Rate (CTR) and Post-Click Conversion Rate (CVR) estimations. However, traditional CVR estimators suffer from well-known…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Zhenhao Jiang , Biao Zeng , Hao Feng , Jin Liu , Jicong Fan , Jie Zhang , Jia Jia , Ning Hu , Xingyu Chen , Xuguang Lan

In recommender systems, post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is an essential task to model user preferences for items and estimate the value of recommendations. Sample selection bias (SSB) and data sparsity (DS) are two persistent…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Ke Fei , Xinyue Zhang , Jingjing Li

Recommender system is an essential part of online services, especially for e-commerce platform. Conversion Rate (CVR) prediction in RS plays a significant role in optimizing Gross Merchandise Volume (GMV) goal of e-commerce. However, CVR…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Shanshan Lyu , Qiwei Chen , Tao Zhuang , Junfeng Ge

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is a critical task in e-commerce recommender systems. This task is deemed quite challenging under the industrial setting with two major issues: 1) selection bias caused by user self-selection, and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-07 Wenhao Zhang , Wentian Bao , Xiao-Yang Liu , Keping Yang , Quan Lin , Hong Wen , Ramin Ramezani

In recommendation scenarios, there are two long-standing challenges, i.e., selection bias and data sparsity, which lead to a significant drop in prediction accuracy for both Click-Through Rate (CTR) and post-click Conversion Rate (CVR)…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Feng Zhu , Mingjie Zhong , Xinxing Yang , Longfei Li , Lu Yu , Tiehua Zhang , Jun Zhou , Chaochao Chen , Fei Wu , Guanfeng Liu , Yan Wang

The conversion rate (CVR) is a crucial metric for evaluating the effectiveness of platforms, as it quantifies the alignment of content with audience preferences. However, the limited nature of customers' conversion actions presents a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Guohao Cai , Jun Yuan , Zhenhua Dong

Conversion rate (CVR) prediction is one of the most critical tasks for digital display advertising. Commercial systems often require to update models in an online learning manner to catch up with the evolving data distribution. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Jia-Qi Yang , Xiang Li , Shuguang Han , Tao Zhuang , De-Chuan Zhan , Xiaoyi Zeng , Bin Tong

Post-click Conversion Rate (CVR) prediction task plays an essential role in industrial applications, such as recommendation and advertising. Conventional CVR methods typically suffer from the data sparsity problem as they rely only on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Kai Ouyang , Wenhao Zheng , Chen Tang , Xuanji Xiao , Hai-Tao Zheng

Conversion rate (CVR) prediction is an essential task for large-scale e-commerce platforms. However, refund behaviors frequently occur after conversion in online shopping systems, which drives us to pay attention to effective conversion for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Yunfeng Zhao , Xu Yan , Xiaoqiang Gui , Shuguang Han , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Guoxian Yu , Jufeng Chen , Zhao Xu , Bo Zheng

Click-through rate (CTR) and post-click conversion rate (CVR) predictions are two fundamental modules in industrial ranking systems such as recommender systems, advertising, and search engines. Since CVR involves much fewer samples than CTR…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Xuanji Xiao , Huabin Chen , Yuzhen Liu , Xing Yao , Pei Liu , Chaosheng Fan , Nian Ji , Xirong Jiang

Conversion Rate (\emph{CVR}) prediction in modern industrial e-commerce platforms is becoming increasingly important, which directly contributes to the final revenue. In order to address the well-known sample selection bias (\emph{SSB}) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-21 Hong Wen , Jing Zhang , Fuyu Lv , Wentian Bao , Tianyi Wang , Zulong Chen

Accurate post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is crucial for online advertising systems. Despite significant advances in causal approaches designed to address the Sample Selection Bias problem, CVR estimation still faces challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Huajian Feng , Guoxiao Zhang , Yadong Zhang , Yi We , Qiang Liu

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) prediction is an essential task for discovering user interests and increasing platform revenues in a range of industrial applications. One of the most challenging problems of this task is the existence of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Quanyu Dai , Haoxuan Li , Peng Wu , Zhenhua Dong , Xiao-Hua Zhou , Rui Zhang , Rui zhang , Jie Sun

Conversion and conversion rate (CVR) prediction play a critical role in efficient advertising decision-making. In past decades, although researchers have developed plenty of models for CVR prediction, the methodological evolution and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Tao Xue , Yanwu Yang , Panyu Zhai
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