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Quantum error correction (QEC) is fundamental for suppressing noise in quantum hardware and enabling fault-tolerant quantum computation. In this paper, we propose an efficient verification framework for QEC programs. We define an assertion…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Qifan Huang , Li Zhou , Wang Fang , Mengyu Zhao , Mingsheng Ying

Entanglement plays an indispensable role in numerous quantum information and quantum computation tasks, underscoring the need for efficiently verifying entangled states. In recent years, quantum state verification has received increasing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-15 Lan Zhang , Yinfei Li , Ye-Chao Liu , Jiangwei Shang

In theory, quantum computers can efficiently simulate quantum physics, factor large numbers and estimate integrals, thus solving otherwise intractable computational problems. In practice, quantum computers must operate with noisy devices…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 E. Knill

As large-scale quantum computers become a reality, they will likely exist as centralized cloud resources accessible to a broad user base. Securely delegating private quantum computations to untrusted servers is therefore a foundational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-29 Sanidhya Gupta , Ankur Raina

The position of a device or agent is an important security credential in today's society, both online and in the real world. Unless in direct proximity, however, the secure verification of a position is impossible without further…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-24 Andreas Bluhm , Matthias Christandl , Florian Speelman

Overcoming the influence of noise and imperfections is a major challenge in quantum computing. Here, we present an approach based on applying a desired unitary computation in superposition between the system of interest and some auxiliary…

Scaling up quantum computers to attain substantial speedups over classical computing requires fault tolerance. Conventionally, protocols for fault-tolerant quantum computation demand excessive space overheads by using many physical qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-29 Hayata Yamasaki , Masato Koashi

To successfully execute large-scale algorithms, a quantum computer will need to perform its elementary operations near perfectly. This is a fundamental challenge since all physical qubits suffer a considerable level of noise. Moreover, real…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-29 Armands Strikis , Simon C. Benjamin , Benjamin J. Brown

A proof of quantumness is a method for provably demonstrating (to a classical verifier) that a quantum device can perform computational tasks that a classical device with comparable resources cannot. Providing a proof of quantumness is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-12 Zvika Brakerski , Venkata Koppula , Umesh Vazirani , Thomas Vidick

We present a modular error mitigation protocol for running $\mathsf{BQP}$ computations on a quantum computer with time-dependent noise. Utilising existing tools from quantum verification and measurement-based quantum computation, our…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-06 Joseph Harris , Elham Kashefi

The rapid advancement of quantum hardware calls for the development of reliable methods to certify its correct functioning. However, existing certification tests often fall short: they either rely on flawless state preparation and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Jan Nöller , Nikolai Miklin , Martin Kliesch , Mariami Gachechiladze

A proof of quantumness is an efficiently verifiable interactive test that an efficient quantum computer can pass, but all efficient classical computers cannot (under some cryptographic assumption). Such protocols play a crucial role in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-27 Petia Arabadjieva , Alexandru Gheorghiu , Victor Gitton , Tony Metger

As far as we know, a useful quantum computer will require fault-tolerant gates, and existing schemes demand a prohibitively large space and time overhead. We argue that a first generation quantum computer will be very valuable to design,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-15 Pavithran S. Iyer , David Poulin

A proof of quantumness is a type of challenge-response protocol in which a classical verifier can efficiently certify the quantum advantage of an untrusted prover. That is, a quantum prover can correctly answer the verifier's challenges and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-21 Zhenning Liu , Alexandru Gheorghiu

We establish fundamental and general techniques for formal verification of quantum protocols. Quantum protocols are novel communication schemes involving the use of quantum-mechanical phenomena for representation, storage and transmission…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Simon Gay , Rajagopal Nagarajan , Nikolaos Papanikolaou

Continuous-variable quantum information, encoded into infinite-dimensional quantum systems, is a promising platform for the realization of many quantum information protocols, including quantum computation, quantum metrology, quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-17 Ya-Dong Wu , Ge Bai , Giulio Chiribella , Nana Liu

A new interactive quantum zero-knowledge protocol for identity authentication implementable in currently available quantum cryptographic devices is proposed and demonstrated. The protocol design involves a verifier and a prover knowing a…

The realization of devices which harness the laws of quantum mechanics represents an exciting challenge at the interface of modern technology and fundamental science. An exemplary paragon of the power of such quantum primitives is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-11-21 Fernando Pastawski , Norman Y. Yao , Liang Jiang , Mikhail D. Lukin , J. Ignacio Cirac

Quantum computers have advanced rapidly in qubit count and gate fidelity. However, large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing still relies on quantum error correction code (QECC) to suppress noise. Manually or experimentally verifying the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Kean Chen , Yuhao Liu , Wang Fang , Jennifer Paykin , Xin-Chuan Wu , Albert Schmitz , Steve Zdancewic , Gushu Li

The problem of reliably certifying the outcome of a computation performed by a quantum device is rapidly gaining relevance. We present two protocols for a classical verifier to verifiably delegate a quantum computation to two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-13 Andrea Coladangelo , Alex Grilo , Stacey Jeffery , Thomas Vidick