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Frequency restoration in power systems is conventionally performed by broadcasting a centralized signal to local controllers. As a result of the energy transition, technological advances, and the scientific interest in distributed control…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Erieke Weitenberg , Yan Jiang , Changhong Zhao , Enrique Mallada , Claudio De Persis , Florian Dörfler

The frequency droop response of conventional turbine driven synchronous generators with respect to load increases is normally used in order to have stable operating characteristics for multiple generators operating in parallel over large…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2013-09-11 Kirsch N. Mackey , Roy A. McCann

As the energy transition transforms power grids across the globe, it poses several challenges regarding grid design and control. In particular, high levels of intermittent renewable generation complicate the task of continuously balancing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-08-07 Randall Martyr , Benjamin Schaefer , Christian Beck , Vito Latora

Due to the fluctuating nature of the wind and the increasing use of wind energy as a power source, wind power will have an increasing negative influence on the stability of the power grid. In this paper, a model predictive control strategy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-14 Valentijn van de Scheur , Sjoerd Boersma

This paper presents one of the first real-life demonstrations of coordinated and distributed resource control for secondary frequency response in a power distribution grid. We conduct a series of tests with up to 69 heterogeneous active…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-08 Tor Anderson , Manasa Muralidharan , Priyank Srivastava , Hamed Valizadeh Haghi , Jorge Cortes , Jan Kleissl , Sonia Martinez , Byron Washom

We consider joint control of a switchable capacitor and a D-STATCOM for voltage regulation in a distribution circuit with intermittent load. The control problem is formulated as a two-timescale optimal power flow problem with chance…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2014-09-17 Changhong Zhao , Michael Chertkov , Scott Backhaus

We consider the problem of voltage stability and reactive power balancing in islanded small-scale electrical networks outfitted with DC/AC inverters ("microgrids"). A droop-like voltage feedback controller is proposed which is quadratic in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-09-21 John W. Simpson-Porco , Florian Dorfler , Francesco Bullo

The large-scale integration of renewable generation directly affects the reliability of power grids. We investigate the problem of power balancing in a general renewable-integrated power grid with storage and flexible loads. We consider a…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-06-06 Sun Sun , Min Dong , Ben Liang

This paper presents a distributed frequency control method for power grids with high penetration of inverter-connected resources under low and time-varying inertia due to renewable energy (RE). We provide a distributed virtual inertia (VI)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-20 Manasa Muralidharan , Jan Kleissl , Patricia Hidalgo-Gonzalez

High variability of solar PV and sudden changes in load (e.g., electric vehicles and storage) can lead to large voltage fluctuations in the distribution system. In recent years, a number of controllers have been designed to optimize voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-15 Wenqi Cui , Yiheng Xie , Steven Low , Adam Wierman , Baosen Zhang

The widespread deployment of power electronic technologies is transforming modern power systems into fast, nonlinear, and heterogeneous networks. Conventional modeling and control approaches, rooted in quasi-static analysis and centralized…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-31 Hiya Gada , Rupamathi Jaddivada , Marija Ilic

Higher penetration of renewable generation will increase the demand for adequate (and cost-effective) controllable resources on the grid that can mitigate and contain the contingencies locally before it can cause a network-wide collapse.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-06-08 Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Draguna Vrabie , Karan Kalsi , Jianming Lian

This paper considers a distributed PI-controller for networked dynamical systems. Sufficient conditions for when the controller is able to stabilize a general linear system and eliminate static control errors are presented. The proposed…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-10-01 Martin Andreasson , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Henrik Sandberg , Karl H. Johansson

Voltage control plays an important role in the operation of electricity distribution networks, especially with high penetration of distributed energy resources. These resources introduce significant and fast varying uncertainties. In this…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-11-07 Pan Li , Baihong Jin , Dai Wang , Baosen Zhang

In scenarios where high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) is connected to the grid over long distances, the output of RES exhibits significant fluctuations, making it difficult to accurately characterize. The intermittency and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-27 Yuhong Wang , Xinyao Wang , Chen Shen , Jianquan Liao , Qianni Cao , Yufei Teng , Huabo Shi , Gang Chen

In high-renewable power systems, active-power disturbances are becoming larger and exhibit increasingly diverse time scales, which complicates frequency stability assessment under unanticipated events. This paper presents a response-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-27 Jinhui Chen , Huadong Sun , Ping Wu , Baocai Wang , Bing Zhao

This paper presents a decentralized controller for sharing primary AC frequency control reserves through a multi-terminal HVDC grid. By using Lyapunov arguments, the proposed controller is shown to stabilize the equilibrium of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-15 Martin Andreasson , Roger Wiget , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Karl H. Johansson , Göran Andersson

In this paper, a novel distributed control strategy addressing a (feasible) psycho-social-physical welfare problem in islanded Direct Current (DC) smart grids is proposed. Firstly, we formulate a (convex) optimization problem that allows…

Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of flexible loads in providing frequency response services. However, uncertainty and variability in various weather-related and end-use behavioral factors often affect the demand-side control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-29 Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Jianming Lian , Umesh Vaidya , Draguna Vrabie , Karanjit Kalsi

We study the problem of decentralized secondary frequency regulation in power networks where ancillary services are provided via on-off load-side participation. We initially consider on-off loads that switch when prescribed frequency…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-09-17 Andreas Kasis , Nima Monshizadeh , Ioannis Lestas