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A two-step quantum key distribution protocol using frequency and polarization doubly entangled photons is proposed. In this protocol, information is encoded by a unitary operation on each of the two doubly entangled photons and sent from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-10-09 Chuan Wang , Wan-Ying Wang , Li Xiao , Gui Lu Long

Secure communication over long distances is one of the major problems of modern informatics. Classical transmissions are recognized to be vulnerable to quantum computer attacks. Remarkably, the same quantum mechanics that engenders quantum…

Quantum communication networks rely on quantum cryptographic protocols including quantum key distribution (QKD) using single photons. A critical element regarding the security of QKD protocols is the photon number coherence (PNC), i.e. the…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a crucial component for truly secure communication, which enables to analyze leakage of information due to eavesdropper attacks. While impressive progress was made in the field of long-distance…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) using entangled photon sources (EPS) is a cornerstone of secure communication. Despite rapid advances in QKD, conventional protocols still employ beam splitters (BSs) for passive random basis selection.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-02 Ayan Kumar Nai , Gopal Prasad Sahu , Rutuj Gharate , C. M. Chandrashekar , G. K. Samanta

This paper investigates quantum communication using superconducting qubits, emphasizing the simulation and control of quantum systems via IBM Brisbane quantum processor. We focus on implementing fundamental quantum gates and analyzing the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-08 J. Thirunirai Selvam , S. Saravana Veni

Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is a quantum communication paradigm that transmits confidential messages directly using quantum states. Measurement-device-independent (MDI) QSDC protocols can eliminate the security loopholes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-04 Xiangjie Li , Min Wang , Xingbo Pan , Yunrong Zhang , Guilu Long

The quantum cryptographic conferencing (QCC) protocol, which distributes identical secure keys to user groups, is a crucial component of the quantum network. Previous experimental works have implemented the measurement-device-independent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Yifeng Du , Yang Hu , Yufeng Liu , Wenhan Yan , Jinghao Zhang , Shining Zhu , Xiao-Song Ma

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) guarantees the security of communication with quantum physics. Most of widely adopted QKD protocols currently encode the key information with binary signal format---qubit, such as the polarization states.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-23 Fumin Wang , Pei Zeng , Xiaoli Wang , Hong Gao , Fuli Li , Pei Zhang

We present a three-stage quantum cryptographic protocol guaranteeing security in which each party uses its own secret key. Unlike the BB84 protocol, where the qubits are transmitted in only one direction and classical information exchanged…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-08-07 Subhash Kak

It is designed a new quantum cryptography protocol that generates various secret and secure keys of the same size of the transmitted qubits, implying zero information losses between the interlocutors. Besides, generates key swapping between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-13 Eduin H Serna

The advent of quantum key distribution (QKD) has revolutionized secure communication by providing unconditional security, unlike classical cryptographic methods. However, its effectiveness relies on robust identity authentication, as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-11 Arindam Dutta

Quantum repeaters hold the promise to prevent the photon losses in communication channels. Most recently, the serious efforts have been applied to achieve scalable distribution of entanglement over long distances. However, the probabilistic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-10-13 D. Aghamalyan , Yu. Malakyan

Multi-photon entangled states of light are key to advancing quantum communication, computation, and metrology. Current methods for building such states are based on stitching together photons from probabilistic sources. The probability of…

Satellite-based quantum repeaters are a promising means to reach global distances in quantum networking due to the polynomial decrease of optical transmission with distance in free space, in contrast to the exponential decrease in optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-15 V. Domínguez Tubío , M. Badás Aldecocea , J. van Dam , A. S. Sørensen , J. Borregaard

Optical telecommunication is at the heart of today's internet and is currently enabled by the transmission of intense optical signals between remote locations. As we look to the future of telecommunication, quantum mechanics promise new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-03 Fabian Furrer , William J. Munro

Quantum communication represents a revolutionary advancement over classical information theory, which leverages unique quantum mechanics properties like entanglement to achieve unprecedented capabilities in secure and efficient information…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Amit Kumar Bhuyan , Hrishikesh Dutta

Global scale quantum communication links will form the backbone of the quantum internet. However, exponential loss in optical fibres precludes any realistic application beyond few hundred kilometres. Quantum repeaters and space-based…

For combining different single photon channels into single path, we use an effective and reliable technique which is known as quantum multiple access. We take advantage of an add-drop multiplexer capable of pushing and withdrawing a single…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-29 Vishal Sharma , Subhashish Banerjee

Quantum network applications like distributed quantum computing and quantum secret sharing present a promising future network equipped with quantum resources. Entanglement generation and distribution over long distances is critical and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-01 Chen-Long Li , Yao Fu , Wen-Bo Liu , Yuan-Mei Xie , Bing-Hong Li , Min-Gang Zhou , Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen