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Code semantics similarity can be used for many tasks such as code recommendation, automated software defect correction, and clone detection. Yet, the accuracy of such systems has not yet reached a level of general purpose reliability. To…

Self-consistency with chain-of-thought prompting (CoT) has demonstrated remarkable performance gains on various challenging tasks, by utilizing multiple reasoning paths sampled from large language models (LLMs). However, self-consistency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Xinyun Chen , Renat Aksitov , Uri Alon , Jie Ren , Kefan Xiao , Pengcheng Yin , Sushant Prakash , Charles Sutton , Xuezhi Wang , Denny Zhou

Most works related to unithood were conducted as part of a larger effort for the determination of termhood. Consequently, the number of independent research that study the notion of unithood and produce dedicated techniques for measuring…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2008-10-02 Wilson Wong , Wei Liu , Mohammed Bennamoun

LLMs show strong performance in code generation, but their outputs lack correctness guarantees. Sample-based uncertainty estimators address this by generating multiple candidate programs and measuring their disagreement. However, existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Weilin He , Arindam Sharma , Cristina David

Text editing frames grammatical error correction (GEC) as a sequence tagging problem, where edit tags are assigned to input tokens, and applying these edits results in the corrected text. This approach has gained attention for its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Bashar Alhafni , Nizar Habash

Chinese Grammatical Error Correction (CGEC) aims to automatically detect and correct grammatical errors contained in Chinese text. In the long term, researchers regard CGEC as a task with a certain degree of uncertainty, that is, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Jingheng Ye , Yinghui Li , Shirong Ma , Rui Xie , Wei Wu , Hai-Tao Zheng

Current grammatical error correction (GEC) models typically consider the task as sequence generation, which requires large amounts of annotated data and limit the applications in data-limited settings. We try to incorporate contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-13 Yiyuan Li , Antonios Anastasopoulos , Alan W Black

Is it possible to build a general and automatic natural language generation (NLG) evaluation metric? Existing learned metrics either perform unsatisfactorily or are restricted to tasks where large human rating data is already available. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Wenda Xu , Yilin Tuan , Yujie Lu , Michael Saxon , Lei Li , William Yang Wang

The common standard for quality evaluation of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems is reference-based metrics such as the Word Error Rate (WER), computed using manual ground-truth transcriptions that are time-consuming and expensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Kamer Ali Yuksel , Thiago Ferreira , Ahmet Gunduz , Mohamed Al-Badrashiny , Golara Javadi

Recent studies have revealed that grammatical error correction methods in the sequence-to-sequence paradigm are vulnerable to adversarial attack, and simply utilizing adversarial examples in the pre-training or post-training process can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Zecheng Tang , Kaifeng Qi , Juntao Li , Min Zhang

Existing similarity-based weakly supervised learning approaches often rely on precise similarity annotations between data pairs, which may inadvertently expose sensitive label information and raise privacy risks. To mitigate this issue, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Meng Wei , Zhongnian Li , Peng Ying , Xinzheng Xu

Large-scale language models (LLMs) has shown remarkable capability in various of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks and attracted lots of attention recently. However, some studies indicated that large language models fail to achieve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Fanyi Qu , Chenming Tang , Yunfang Wu

The utilization of technology in second language learning and teaching has become ubiquitous. For the assessment of writing specifically, automated writing evaluation (AWE) and grammatical error correction (GEC) have become immensely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Izia Xiaoxiao Wang , Xihan Wu , Edith Coates , Min Zeng , Jiexin Kuang , Siliang Liu , Mengyang Qiu , Jungyeul Park

Various measures have been proposed to quantify human-like social biases in word embeddings. However, bias scores based on these measures can suffer from measurement error. One indication of measurement quality is reliability, concerning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Yupei Du , Qixiang Fang , Dong Nguyen

Semantic error detection and correction is an important task for applications such as fact checking, speech-to-text or grammatical error correction. Current approaches generally focus on relatively shallow semantics and do not account for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-08-16 Georgios P. Spithourakis , Isabelle Augenstein , Sebastian Riedel

Benchmarks like GSM8K are popular measures of mathematical reasoning, but leaderboard gains can overstate true capability due to memorization of fixed test sets. Most robustness variants apply surface-level perturbations (paraphrases,…

This paper studies Chinese Spelling Correction (CSC), which aims to detect and correct the potential spelling errors in a given sentence. Current state-of-the-art methods regard CSC as a sequence tagging task and fine-tune BERT-based models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Linfeng Liu , Hongqiu Wu , Hai Zhao

Reliable evaluation is essential for understanding large language model (LLM) performance, yet today's go-to metrics, namely token-overlap scores (e.g., ROUGE) and embedding-based measures (e.g., BERTScore), often misjudge semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Siran Li , Ece Sena Etoglu , Carsten Eickhoff , Seyed Ali Bahrainian

Our task is to generate an effective summary for a given document with specific realtime requirements. We use the softplus function to enhance keyword rankings to favor important sentences, based on which we present a number of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-10-03 Liqun Shao , Hao Zhang , Ming Jia , Jie Wang

With the help of powerful generative models, Semantic Image Compression (SIC) has achieved impressive performance at ultra-low bitrate. However, due to coarse-grained visual-semantic alignment and inherent randomness, the reliability of SIC…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-03 Chenhao Wu , Qingbo Wu , Haoran Wei , Shuai Chen , Mingzhou He , King Ngi Ngan , Fanman Meng , Hongliang Li