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The developments of deep neural networks (DNN) in recent years have ushered a brand new era of artificial intelligence. DNNs are proved to be excellent in solving very complex problems, e.g., visual recognition and text understanding, to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Qiang Hu , Hao Zhang

Mean field theory has been successfully used to analyze deep neural networks (DNN) in the infinite size limit. Given the finite size of realistic DNN, we utilize the large deviation theory and path integral analysis to study the deviation…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2020-02-21 Bo Li , David Saad

This paper introduces deep super ReLU networks (DSRNs) as a method for approximating functions in Sobolev spaces measured by Sobolev norms $W^{m,p}$ for $m\in\mathbb{N}$ with $m\ge 2$ and $1\le p\le +\infty$. Standard ReLU deep neural…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Yahong Yang , Yue Wu , Haizhao Yang , Yang Xiang

We demonstrate that deep neural networks with the ReLU activation function can efficiently approximate the solutions of various types of parametric linear transport equations. For non-smooth initial conditions, the solutions of these PDEs…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-01-31 Fabian Laakmann , Philipp Petersen

The foundations of deep learning are supported by the seemingly opposing perspectives of approximation or learning theory. The former advocates for large/expressive models that need not generalize, while the latter considers classes that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Ruiyang Hong , Anastasis Kratsios

This survey provides an in-depth and explanatory review of the approximation properties of deep neural networks, with a focus on feed-forward and residual architectures. The primary objective is to examine how effectively neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Owen Davis , Mohammad Motamed

Deep neural networks (DNN) are the state of the art on many engineering problems such as computer vision and audition. A key factor in the success of the DNN is scalability - bigger networks work better. However, the reason for this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-02-13 Andrew J. R. Simpson

Deep neural network with rectified linear units (ReLU) is getting more and more popular recently. However, the derivatives of the function represented by a ReLU network are not continuous, which limit the usage of ReLU network to situations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Bo Li , Shanshan Tang , Haijun Yu

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have emerged as a popular mathematical tool for function approximation due to their capability of modelling highly nonlinear functions. Their applications range from image classification and natural language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-30 SiQi Zhou , Angela P. Schoellig

Understanding the representational power of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and how their structural properties (e.g., depth, width, type of activation unit) affect the functions they can compute, has been an important yet challenging question…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-11 Vaggos Chatziafratis , Sai Ganesh Nagarajan , Ioannis Panageas , Xiao Wang

Activation functions influence behavior and performance of DNNs. Nonlinear activation functions, like Rectified Linear Units (ReLU), Exponential Linear Units (ELU) and Scaled Exponential Linear Units (SELU), outperform the linear…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Alberto Marchisio , Muhammad Abdullah Hanif , Semeen Rehman , Maurizio Martina , Muhammad Shafique

This paper quantitatively characterizes the approximation power of deep feed-forward neural networks (FNNs) in terms of the number of neurons. It is shown by construction that ReLU FNNs with width $\mathcal{O}\big(\max\{d\lfloor…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-01-15 Zuowei Shen , Haizhao Yang , Shijun Zhang

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have proven to be highly effective in a variety of tasks, making them the go-to method for problems requiring high-level predictive power. Despite this success, the inner workings of DNNs are often not…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-04 Anton Thielmann , René-Marcel Kruse , Thomas Kneib , Benjamin Säfken

The fully connected (FC) layer, one of the most fundamental modules in artificial neural networks (ANN), is often considered difficult and inefficient to train due to issues including the risk of overfitting caused by its large amount of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-15 Kanya Mo , Shen Zheng , Xiwei Wang , Jinghua Wang , Klaus-Dieter Schewe

We study the expressive power of deep ReLU neural networks for approximating functions in dilated shift-invariant spaces, which are widely used in signal processing, image processing, communications and so on. Approximation error bounds are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Yunfei Yang , Zhen Li , Yang Wang

We explore the phase diagram of approximation rates for deep neural networks and prove several new theoretical results. In particular, we generalize the existing result on the existence of deep discontinuous phase in ReLU networks to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-01-07 Dmitry Yarotsky , Anton Zhevnerchuk

In the past decade, significant strides in deep learning have led to numerous groundbreaking applications. Despite these advancements, the understanding of the high generalizability of deep learning, especially in such an over-parametrized…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-09-17 Hao Liao , Wei Zhang , Zhanyi Huang , Zexiao Long , Mingyang Zhou , Xiaoqun Wu , Rui Mao , Chi Ho Yeung

A new network with super approximation power is introduced. This network is built with Floor ($\lfloor x\rfloor$) or ReLU ($\max\{0,x\}$) activation function in each neuron and hence we call such networks Floor-ReLU networks. For any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Zuowei Shen , Haizhao Yang , Shijun Zhang

Recently, several deep learning (DL) methods for approximating high-dimensional partial differential equations (PDEs) have been proposed. The interest that these methods have generated in the literature is in large part due to simulations…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-30 Julia Ackermann , Arnulf Jentzen , Thomas Kruse , Benno Kuckuck , Joshua Lee Padgett

Fully connected deep neural networks are successfully applied to classification and function approximation problems. By minimizing the cost function, i.e., finding the proper weights and biases, models can be built for accurate predictions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Qingguang Guan