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To trace the copyright of deep neural networks, an owner can embed its identity information into its model as a watermark. The capacity of the watermark quantify the maximal volume of information that can be verified from the watermarked…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Fangqi Li , Haodong Zhao , Wei Du , Shilin Wang

Watermarking deep neural network (DNN) models has attracted a great deal of attention and interest in recent years because of the increasing demand to protect the intellectual property of DNN models. Many practical algorithms have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Chaoyue Huang , Hanzhou Wu

We present REMARK-LLM, a novel efficient, and robust watermarking framework designed for texts generated by large language models (LLMs). Synthesizing human-like content using LLMs necessitates vast computational resources and extensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Ruisi Zhang , Shehzeen Samarah Hussain , Paarth Neekhara , Farinaz Koushanfar

The wide application of deep learning techniques is boosting the regulation of deep learning models, especially deep neural networks (DNN), as commercial products. A necessary prerequisite for such regulations is identifying the owner of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Fang-Qi Li , Shi-Lin Wang , Yun Zhu

The indistinguishability of large language model (LLM) output from human-authored content poses significant challenges, raising concerns about potential misuse of AI-generated text and its influence on future model training. Watermarking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Alexander Nemecek , Yuzhou Jiang , Erman Ayday

Nowadays, deep neural networks are used for solving complex tasks in several critical applications and protecting both their integrity and intellectual property rights (IPR) has become of utmost importance. To this end, we advance WaterMAS,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Carl De Sousa Trias , Mihai Mitrea , Attilio Fiandrotti , Marco Cagnazzo , Sumanta Chaudhuri , Enzo Tartaglione

With the rapid development of cloud-based services, large language models have become increasingly accessible through various web platforms. However, this accessibility has also led to growing risks of model abuse. LLM watermarking has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hao Li , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Yingjie Li , Fang Fang , Shi Wang , Li Guo

Machine learning (ML) models are costly to train as they can require a significant amount of data, computational resources and technical expertise. Thus, they constitute valuable intellectual property that needs protection from adversaries…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Sebastian Szyller , Rui Zhang , Jian Liu , N. Asokan

Watermarking technology has gained significant attention due to the increasing importance of intellectual property (IP) rights, particularly with the growing deployment of large language models (LLMs) on billions resource-constrained edge…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Qingxiao Guo , Xinjie Zhu , Yilong Ma , Hui Jin , Yunhao Wang , Weifeng Zhang , Xiaobing Guo

With the rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs), safeguarding textual content against unauthorized use is crucial. Watermarking offers a vital solution, protecting both - LLM-generated and plain text sources. This paper presents a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Harsh Nishant Lalai , Aashish Anantha Ramakrishnan , Raj Sanjay Shah , Dongwon Lee

Machine learning is increasingly used in security-critical applications, such as autonomous driving, face recognition and malware detection. Most learning methods, however, have not been designed with security in mind and thus are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-03-17 Erwin Quiring , Daniel Arp , Konrad Rieck

Ensuring robustness in image watermarking is crucial for and maintaining content integrity under diverse transformations. Recent self-supervised learning (SSL) approaches, such as DINO, have been leveraged for watermarking but primarily…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Muhammad Ahtesham , Xin Zhong

Federated learning models are collaboratively developed upon valuable training data owned by multiple parties. During the development and deployment of federated models, they are exposed to risks including illegal copying, re-distribution,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-25 Bowen Li , Lixin Fan , Hanlin Gu , Jie Li , Qiang Yang

Recent years have witnessed tremendous success in Self-Supervised Learning (SSL), which has been widely utilized to facilitate various downstream tasks in Computer Vision (CV) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) domains. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Peizhuo Lv , Pan Li , Shenchen Zhu , Shengzhi Zhang , Kai Chen , Ruigang Liang , Chang Yue , Fan Xiang , Yuling Cai , Hualong Ma , Yingjun Zhang , Guozhu Meng

Large language models (LLMs) have attracted significant attention in recent years. Due to their "Large" nature, training LLMs from scratch consumes immense computational resources. Since several major players in the artificial intelligence…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Heng Jin , Chaoyu Zhang , Shanghao Shi , Wenjing Lou , Y. Thomas Hou

The proliferation of Deep Neural Networks (DNN) in commercial applications is expanding rapidly. Simultaneously, the increasing complexity and cost of training DNN models have intensified the urgency surrounding the protection of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Junlong Mao , Huiyi Tang , Yi Zhang , Fengxia Liu , Zhiyong Zheng , Shanxiang Lyu

The ethical need to protect AI-generated content has been a significant concern in recent years. While existing watermarking strategies have demonstrated success in detecting synthetic content (detection), there has been limited exploration…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Rui Min , Sen Li , Hongyang Chen , Minhao Cheng

The rapid advancement of deep neural networks (DNNs) heavily relies on large-scale, high-quality datasets. However, unauthorized commercial use of these datasets severely violates the intellectual property rights of dataset owners. Existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yingjia Wang , Ting Qiao , Xing Liu , Chongzuo Li , Sixing Wu , Jianbin Li

This paper presents a comprehensive survey on deep learning-based image watermarking, a technique that entails the invisible embedding and extraction of watermarks within a cover image, aiming to offer a seamless blend of robustness and…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Xin Zhong , Arjon Das , Fahad Alrasheedi , Abdullah Tanvir

As a valuable digital product, deep neural networks (DNNs) face increasingly severe threats to the intellectual property, making it necessary to develop effective technical measures to protect them. Trigger-based watermarking methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Chaoyue Huang , Gejian Zhao , Hanzhou Wu , Zhihua Xia , Asad Malik